 Types of Systems (Categories)

◦ Conceptual Systems- concerned with theoritical

structures , which may or may not have any counterpart in
the world They are composed of ideas.

◦ Empirical Systems- Real systems made up of people

◦ Natural Systems- Not made by humans but exists

naturally. eg Solar systems

◦ Manufactured Systems – Formed by people. eg National

Defence systems, Road Transport System

◦ Social Systems – Made up of people for societal objectives

eg. Business org, Govt agencies, political parties, social
clubs
 Types of Systems (Categories)
◦ Pure Machine Systems – Which obtain their own
inputs and maintain themselves e.g. Automatic water
heating system
◦ People Machine Systems – Most systems fall under
this category e.g computer system
◦ Closed Systems – A system which is self contained
and does not exchange, interact with the environment.
e.g. a chemical reaction in a sealed insulated
container.
◦ Open Systems – A system which exchanges info,
material, interact with the environment. .g Business
Organizations
 Types of Systems (Categories)
◦ Permanent Systems –Systems enduring the time span
that is very long (relative to the operations of the
humans in the system)
◦ Temporary Systems – Systems designed to last a
relatively short specified time. e.g Research Projects
◦ Stationery Systems – Systems whose properties &
operations either do not significantly vary in
repetitive cycles e.g high school
◦ Non-Stationery Systems – Systems where changes
are continuous e.g human beings, military defence
systems
◦ Sub-Systems – Smaller systems within a system e.g
Departments in a an orgn
 Types of Systems (Categories)
◦ Super Systems – As any system does not exist in a vacuum,
it belongs to a larger system which is called super system,
which relatively large & complex
◦ Adoptive Systems – Systems which adjusts with the
environment with which they interact. E.g. Human beings
◦ Non-Adoptive Systems – Systems which are inflexible and
do not adopt to the changes in the environment with which
they interact
◦ Deterministic Systems – Systems which operate in a
predictable manner and the interaction among the parts is
known with certainty. E.g computer program
◦ Probabilistic Systems – Systems described on the basis
of probable behavior but with a certain degree of error
which is attached in the prediction of the behavior. e.g a
set of instructions given to a human being
◦ A Conceptual System – while considering Models,
theory & at the time of designing

◦ An Empirical System – when we taken into consideration

specific systems with people

◦ A Manufactured System – Not born but made by people

◦ A Man- Machine System – humans and electronic

equipments

◦ An Open System - interacts with environment for

Managerial level information activities

◦ A Closed System – When it pertains to TPS activities

◦ A Temporary System – Due to constant revision

◦ A Stationery System – Once designed, it remains

and handles the operations routinely

◦ A Sub-system – primarily it remains as a sub-

system of a total business system/industry

◦ A Non-Adoptive System – changes to be done by

intentional intervention from outside
 A system concept

 Deals with the inter-relationships of the parts or sub-systems of

the organization

 It means that the sum of the parts working together is greater

that whole of the parts ie 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 12

 It means that simultaneous actions of separate but interrelated

parts that work together produce a total effect far greater than
the sum of the individual parts. e.g a Football Team

 In other words the output of the total system or the organization

can be enhanced if the components parts are well integrated
 A concept of physics used in systems
 A measure of the amount of disorder in a

system
 Unavailability of energy for doing work
 An area in the system which dark or blank

or where there is nothing happening or

there is no communication