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HIGHWAYS
FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN
• geometric cross section
• vertical alignment
• horizontal alignment
• super elevation
• intersections
• various design details.
Goals Of Geometric Design
where :
r = rate of change of grade
g1 = grade just prior to the curve
g2 = the grade just beyond the end of the vertical
curve (EVC)
L = the length of the curve.
Vertical Curves
classified as:
- sags where g2 > g1 and
- crests where g2 > g1
r (and hence the term rx2 /2) will be positive for sags
and negative for crests.
• based on
- sight distance,
- on comfort standards involving vertical
acceleration
- or appearance criteria.
• in most cases, sight distance or appearance
standards will govern for highways.
• the equations used to calculate minimum lengths
of vertical curves based on sight distance depend
on whether the sight distance is greater than or
less than the vertical curve length.
Stopping sight distance diagram for crest vertical curve.
CREST VERTICAL CURVES
When S≤L
When S≥L
the formula is
• Design charts of tables are used to determine
minimum length of vertical curve to provide
stopping sight distance for both crest and sag
vertical curves, and passing sight distance on
crests. These may be found in the AASHTO
Policy on Geometric Design of Highways
and Streets.
Vertical Curve Lengths
• Highways, no ice/snow
emax = 0.10
• Highways, snow/ice
emax = 0.06
• Traffic congestion or roadside development, limit speeds
emax = 0.04 ~ 0.06
Side Friction
Design based on point where centrifugal force creates feeling of discomfort
for driver
INTERSECTIONS & INTERCHANGES
• Geometric Design of transportation
facilities must provide for the resolution of
traffic conflicts.
Merging
• In general, these conflicts may be
classified as:
Diverging
• Merging conflicts
• Occurs when vehicles enter a traffic stream
• Diverging conflicts
• Occurs when vehicles leave the traffic stream Weaving
• Weaving conflicts
• Occurs by merging then diverging
• Crossing conflicts
• Occurs when they cross paths directly Crossing
Three Basic Ways of Resolving Crossing
Conflicts
• Time-sharing Solutions
• Space-sharing Solutions
• Grade separation Solutions
At-grade intersections
Unchannelized T
Unchannelized Y
Flared T
3-leg intersections
Y with turning roadways
Unchannelized
Channelized
INTERCHANGES
• classified according to the way they handle left-turning
traffic.
INTERCHANGE CONFIGURATION
• are selected on the basis of structural cost, right-of-way
costs, and ability to serve traffic.
DIAMOND INTERCHANGE
CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE
Partial cloverleaf
Trumpet
FULL DIRECTIONAL
DIRECTIONAL-Y
ON-RAMP (entrance to highway)