Fractional Life Method

𝛼𝐴 + 𝛽𝐵 + ⋯ → 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝐶𝑎
−𝑟𝐴 = − = 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑎 𝐶𝑏 𝑏 ⋯
𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐵 𝛽
=
𝐶𝐴 𝛼

−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘 𝐶𝐴𝑛
Batch Reactor
𝑉 = 𝑉0 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑉 − 𝑉0
𝑋𝐴 =
𝑉0 𝜀𝐴
𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑋𝐴 =
𝑉0 𝜀𝐴
𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴0 1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑁𝐴 = −𝑁𝐴0 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑁𝐴
− = −𝑟𝐴 (𝑉)
𝑑𝑡
𝑁𝐴0 1 𝑑𝑉
= −𝑟𝐴
𝑉0 𝑉𝜀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝐴0 𝑑𝑉
= −𝑟𝐴
𝑉𝜀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
 𝑛
𝐶𝐴0 𝑑𝑉 1 − 𝑋𝐴
= 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑛 = 𝑘 𝐶𝐴0
𝑉𝜀𝐴 𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
∆𝑉 𝑛
1−𝑛
𝐶𝐴0 𝑑𝑉 1−
𝑉0 𝜀 𝐴
= ∆𝑉
𝑘𝜀𝐴 𝑉 1+ 𝜀𝐴
𝑉𝜀
0 𝐴

𝑉 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑉 𝜀𝐴 1−𝑛
𝑛
=𝑘 𝑡
𝑉0 𝜀𝐴 − ∆𝑉 𝐶𝐴0
 CSTR
𝐶𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴
= =𝐹
𝐶𝐴0 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 𝑛
−𝑟𝐴 𝑘 𝐶𝐴
𝑛
1−𝑛
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0
1 − 𝑋𝐴 𝑘
1−𝑛
1−𝐹 1
𝜏𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴0
1 + 𝐹𝜀𝐴 𝑘𝐹 𝑛
𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
1−𝑛
1−𝐹
𝜏𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴0
𝑘𝐹 𝑛
 PFR
𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 𝑛
−𝑟𝐴 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑛 1−𝑋 𝐴
𝑘 𝐶𝐴0 1+𝜀
𝐴 𝑋𝐴

𝑋𝐴 𝑛
𝜏𝑘 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
1−𝑛 = 1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝐴0 0

𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
𝑋𝐴 𝑛
𝜏𝑘 1
1−𝑛 = 1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝐴0 0

𝑋𝐴 = 1 − 𝐹
𝜏𝑘 𝐹1−𝑛 − 1
1−𝑛 = 𝑛 − 1
𝐶𝐴0
1−𝑛
1−𝑛
𝐹 −1
𝜏𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴0
𝑘(𝑛 − 1)
 Fractional Life Method
Reactor Performance Equation
Type Constant Volume Varying Volume
1−𝑛 𝑛−1 1−𝑛
Batch 1−𝑛
𝐹 −1 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝜀𝐴
𝑡𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝑘 𝑡
𝑘 𝑛−1 𝑉0 𝜀𝐴 − ∆𝑉 𝑛 𝐶𝐴0

CSTR 1−𝑛
1−𝐹 1−𝑛
1−𝐹 1
𝜏𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴0 𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0
𝑘𝐹𝑛 1 + 𝐹𝜀𝐴 𝑘 𝐹 𝑛
PFR 1−𝑛
𝐹1−𝑛 − 1 𝜏𝑘 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑛
𝜏𝐹 = 𝐶𝐴0 1−𝑛 = 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝑛−1 𝑘 𝐶𝐴0 1 − 𝑋𝐴
Irreversible Reactions in Parallel
𝑘1
𝐴→𝑅
𝑘2
𝐴→𝑆
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 + 𝑘2 𝐶𝐴
−𝑟𝐴 = (𝑘1 + 𝑘2 )𝐶𝐴 = 𝑘 ′ 𝐶𝐴
 CSTR
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 )
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 =
−𝑟𝐴 𝑘′ 𝐶
1−𝑋 𝐴 𝑘 ′ (1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝐴0 1+𝜀 𝑋
𝐴 𝐴

𝑋𝐴 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 )
𝜏𝑘 ′ =
(1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘 ′ =
(1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
 PFR
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0
0 −𝑟𝐴 0 𝑘 ′ 𝐶𝐴
𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 1−𝑋 𝐴
0 𝑘 ′ 𝐶𝐴0
1+𝜀 𝐴 𝑋 𝐴
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
′
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝑘𝜏= 𝑑𝑋𝐴 = + 𝜀𝐴
0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 0 1 − 𝑋𝐴
1 1
𝑘 ′ 𝜏 = ln + 𝜀𝐴 ln − 𝑋𝐴
1 − 𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴
1
𝑘 ′ 𝜏 = 1 + 𝜀𝐴 ln − 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
1
𝑘 ′ 𝜏 = ln
1 − 𝑋𝐴
Batch
𝑉 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑉 𝜀𝐴 1−𝑛
𝑛
=𝑘 𝑡
𝑉0 𝜀𝐴 − ∆𝑉 𝐶𝐴0
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑛 = 1
𝑑𝑉
= 𝑘′𝑡
(𝑉0 𝜀𝐴 − ∆𝑉)
∆𝑉
− ln 1 − = 𝑘′𝑡
𝑉0 𝜀𝐴
 First Order Irreversible Parallel Reaction
Reactor Performance Equation
Type Constant Volume Varying Volume
1 ∆𝑉
Batch 𝑘 ′ 𝑡 = ln −𝑙𝑛 1 − = 𝑘′𝑡
1 − 𝑋𝐴 𝜀𝐴 𝑉0
𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘 ′ = 𝑋𝐴 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 )
CSTR (1 − 𝑋𝐴 ) 𝑘′ 𝜏 =
1 − 𝑋𝐴
1
1 𝑘 ′ 𝜏 = 1 + 𝜀𝐴 ln − 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
PFR 𝑘 ′ 𝜏 = ln 1 − 𝑋𝐴
1 − 𝑋𝐴
First-Order Reversible Reactions
𝐴↔𝑅

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑘2 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑅
𝐶𝑅0
𝑀=
𝐶𝐴0
1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝐴0
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝐶𝐴0 (1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝐾𝐶 = = =
𝐶𝐴𝑒 𝐶𝐴0 (𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑘1
𝐾𝐶 =
𝑘2
1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑘2 = 𝑘1
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒
 CSTR
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0 1−𝑋 𝐴 𝑀+𝑋 𝐴𝑒 𝑀+𝑋 𝐴
−𝑟𝐴 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑅 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0
1+𝜀 𝐴 𝑋 𝐴 1−𝑋 𝐴𝑒 1+𝜀 𝐴 𝑋 𝐴

(𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘1 =
1 − 𝑋𝐴 (𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) − 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐴 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 )
𝜏𝑘1=
𝑀 + 1 (𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
𝑋𝐴 (𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 )
𝜏𝑘1 =
𝑀 + 1 (𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑖𝑓 𝑀 = 0
𝜏𝑘1 𝑋𝐴
=
𝑋𝐴𝑒 (𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝐴𝑒 = 1
𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘1 =
1 − 𝑋𝐴
 PFR
𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0
0 −𝑟𝐴
𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0
0 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑅
𝑋𝐴
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝑘1 𝜏 =
0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 (𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑑𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝑘1 𝜏 = + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝜀𝐴 𝑑(𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑀+1 0 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 0 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 0

𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑘1 𝜏 = 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 ln − 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑀+1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
 𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑘1 𝜏 = ln
𝑀+1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑖𝑓 𝑀 = 0
𝑘1 𝜏 𝑋𝐴𝑒
= ln⁡
𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝐴𝑒 = 1
1
𝑘1 𝜏 = 𝑙𝑛
1 − 𝑋𝐴
 Batch
𝐶𝐴0 𝑑𝑉 1 − 𝑋𝐴 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴
= −𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑅 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0
𝑉𝜀𝐴 𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑘1 𝑀 + 1 (𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 ) 1 𝑑𝑉
=
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 ) 𝑉𝜀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
∆𝑉
𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 𝑑𝑉
𝑉0 𝜀 𝐴
∆𝑉
=
1+ 𝑀+1 𝑉𝜀𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑉0 𝜀 𝐴

𝑘1 (𝑀 + 1) 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑡 =
(𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝜀𝐴 𝑉0 − ∆𝑉
𝑘1 (𝑀 + 1)𝑡 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝜀𝐴 𝑉0 − ∆𝑉
= − ln
(𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝜀𝐴 𝑉0
𝑖𝑓 𝑀 = 0, 𝑋𝐴𝑒 = 1
𝜀𝐴 𝑉0 − ∆𝑉
𝑘1 𝑡 = − ln
𝑉0 𝜀𝐴
 First Order Reversible Reaction
Reactor Performance Equation
Type Constant Volume Varying Volume
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑘1 (𝑀 + 1)𝑡 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝜀𝐴 𝑉0 − ∆𝑉
𝑘1 𝑡 = ln = − ln
Batch 𝑀+1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝜀𝐴 𝑉0

𝑋𝐴 (𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 ) 𝑋𝐴 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 (1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 )
CSTR 𝜏𝑘1 = 𝜏𝑘1 =
𝑀 + 1 (𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 ) 𝑀 + 1 (𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝜏𝑘1 = 1
𝑀+1
𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒
PFR 𝜏𝑘1 = ln + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 ln
𝑀+1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
− 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
Second-Order Reversible Reactions
2𝐴 ↔ 2𝑅
𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑅0 = 0
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴2 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑅2
1 − 𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴0
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐴
𝐶𝑅 = 𝐶𝐴0
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
2 2 2
𝐶𝑅𝑒 𝐶𝐴0 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑀 + 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑘1
𝐾𝐶 = 2 = = =
𝐶𝐴𝑒 𝐶𝐴0 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑘2
 CSTR
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝜏 = 𝐶𝐴0 = 𝐶𝐴0
−𝑟𝐴 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴2 − 𝑘2 𝐶𝑅2
2 2 2
1 − 𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴 𝐶𝐴0 𝑋𝐴
𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 − 𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 =
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝜏
2
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 2
𝑘1 𝜏𝐶𝐴0 = 2
1 − 𝑋𝐴 2 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴 2

𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
2
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑘1 𝜏𝐶𝐴0 = 2 2 2
1 − 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴

𝑖𝑓 𝑋𝐴𝑒 = 1
2
𝑋𝐴 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑘1 𝜏𝐶𝐴0 =
1 − 𝑋𝐴 2
 PFR
1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝛼 =
𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑋𝐴
1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 2 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 =
0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 2 − 𝛼 2 𝑋𝐴2
𝑋𝐴
1 + 2𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 + 𝜀𝐴2 𝑋𝐴2 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 =
0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 − 𝛼𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴 + 𝛼𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴
𝑑𝑋𝐴 2𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
𝜏𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 = +
0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 − 𝛼𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴 + 𝛼𝑋𝐴 0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 − 𝛼𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴 + 𝛼𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐴 2 2
𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 𝑑𝑋𝐴
+
0 1 − 𝑋𝐴 − 𝛼𝑋𝐴 1 − 𝑋𝐴 + 𝛼𝑋𝐴

𝑖𝑓 𝜀𝐴 = 0
1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
𝜏𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 = ln
2 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
 PFR
1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
𝜏𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0 = ln
2 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒
+ 𝜀𝐴 −𝑋𝐴𝑒 ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 − ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 − 2𝑋𝐴𝑒
2
𝜀𝐴2 𝑋𝐴𝑒 2
𝑋𝐴𝑒
+ −𝑋𝐴𝑒 ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 + ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
2 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 − 2𝑋𝐴𝑒
 Second Order Reversible Reaction
Reactor Performance Equation
Type Constant Volume Varying Volume
2
CSTR 𝑘1 𝜏𝐶𝐴0 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 1 + 𝜀𝐴 𝑋𝐴 2
2
𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑘1 𝜏𝐶𝐴0 = 2
= 1 − 𝑋𝐴 2 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴 2
2 2 2
1 − 𝑋𝐴 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴

PFR 𝑋𝐴 − 2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1 𝑋𝐴 𝜏𝑘1 𝐶𝐴0

𝑙𝑛 1 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 = ln
1 2 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
= 2𝑘1 − 1 𝐶𝐴0 𝜏 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑋𝐴𝑒 + 𝜀𝐴 −𝑋𝐴𝑒 ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝑋𝐴𝑒
− ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
1 − 2𝑋𝐴𝑒
𝜀𝐴2 𝑋𝐴𝑒 2
+ −𝑋𝐴𝑒 ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴
2 1 − 𝑋𝐴𝑒
2
𝑋𝐴𝑒
+ ln 𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 𝑋𝐴 (2𝑋𝐴𝑒 − 1)
1 − 2𝑋𝐴𝑒