COORDINATE SYSTEM

Khomsin
Surabaya, 4 September 2017
Coordinate System
• In geometry, a coordinate system is a system which uses one or
more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of a point or
other geometric element on a manifold such as Euclidean space
 Number line

 Cartesian coordinate system

 Polar coordinate system

Coordinate System
 Cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems

 Homogeneous coordinate system

 Other commonly used systems

Coordinate System
• Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for
integration.
• A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of
geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as Global Positioning
System (GPS) locations, within a common geographic framework.
Coordinate System
• Each coordinate system is defined by the following:
• Its measurement framework, which is either geographic (in which spherical coordinates are
measured from the earth's center) or planimetric (in which the earth's coordinates are projected
onto a two-dimensional planar surface)
• Units of measurement (typically feet or meters for projected coordinate systems or decimal
degrees for latitude-longitude)
• The definition of the map projection for projected coordinate systems
• Other measurement system properties such as a spheroid of reference, a datum, one or more
standard parallels, a central meridian, and possible shifts in the x- and y-directions
• Several hundred geographic coordinate systems and a few thousand
projected coordinate systems are available for use. In addition, you can
define a custom coordinate system.
Types of coordinate systems
• The following are two common types of coordinate systems used in a
geographic information system (GIS):
• A global or spherical coordinate system such as latitude-longitude. These are often
referred to as geographic coordinate systems.
• A projected coordinate system such as universal transverse Mercator (UTM), Albers
Equal Area, or Robinson, all of which (along with numerous other map projection models)
provide various mechanisms to project maps of the earth's spherical surface onto a two-
dimensional Cartesian coordinate plane. Projected coordinate systems are referred to as
map projections.
• Coordinate systems (both geographic and projected) provide a
framework for defining real-world locations.
What is a spatial reference?
• A spatial reference is a series of parameters that define
the coordinate system and other spatial properties for
each dataset in the geodatabase. It is typical that all
datasets for the same area (and in the same
geodatabase) use a common spatial reference definition.
• A spatial reference includes the following:
• The coordinate system
• The coordinate precision with which coordinates are stored (often
referred to as the coordinate resolution)
• Processing tolerances (such as the cluster tolerance)
• The spatial extent covered by the dataset (often referred to as the
spatial domain)
System Coordinate Parameter
System Coordinate Parameter
Cartesian Coordinate 2D & 3D
Polar Coordinate 2D & 3D
Polar and Cartesian Coordinate Relationship
SPECTRUM OF COORDINATE SYSTEM
ELLIPSOID COORDINATE SYSTEM
ELLIPSOID COORDINATE SYSTEM
GEODETIC DATUM
GEODETIC DATUM

A geodetic datum is a tool used to define

the shape and size of the earth, as well as
the reference point for the various
coordinate systems used in mapping the
earth. Throughout time, hundreds of
different datums have been used - each
one changing with the earth views of the
times.
GEODETIC DATUM

8 Parameters
GLOBAL & LOCAL DATUM
GLOBAL DATUM
GLOBAL DATUM