SMART POWER GRID

Name – Shubham Jindal

Year – 3rd
Branch – EN
Roll No. - 1503021055
 INDEX

 INTRODUCATION
 WHAT IS SMART GRID
 NEED OF SMART GRID
 TECHNOLOGY
 FEATURE
 SMART METER
 ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES & FUTURE
 REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
Smart grid refers to the a next generation electric power network that
makes use of IT and high technologies. Compared to the
telecommunication network, the electric power network have not
developed remarkably in terms of creating innovative technologies.
However, smart grid by revolutionizing the electric power network and
being almost as powerful as the internet, is attracting many attentions
among various industries.
Smart grid is a system that enables two-many communications in
between consumers and electric power companies. In a smart grid
system consumer’s information is received by the electric power
companies in order to provide the most efficient electric network
operations . In addition to the efficient operations of a power plant
,smart grid also make it possible to control power demand and
distributed energy, including renewable energies. By installing an
intelligent meter (smart meter) on the consumer side, especially
households, monitoring the use of energy becomes much easier and
even helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions
 SMART GRID
ASMART GRID delivers electricity from supplier
to consumers using two- way digital technology to
control appliances at consumers’ homes to save
energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and
transparency. It overlays the electricity distribution
grid with an information and net metering system.
Power travels from the power plant to your house
through an amazing system called the power
distribution grid . Such a modernized electricity
networks is being promoted by many governments
as a way of addressing energy independences,
global warming and emergency resilience issues.
Smart meters may be part of smart grid, but alone
do not constitute a smart grid.
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that
keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system. It also
incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines
for less power loss, as well as the capability of the
integrating renewable electricity such as solar and wind.
When power is least expensive the user can allow the smart
grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing
machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours.
At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce
demand
 Smart Grid And It’s Need
Demand Understanding the need for smart grid
requires acknowledging a few facts about our
infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the
modern civilization, a complex society with often
conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer
fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy
costs, more secure distribution with less maintenance,
effective new construction and efficient disaster
reconstruction. But while for electricity has risen
drastically, its transmission is outdated and stressed.
The bottom line is that we are exacting more from a
grid that is simply not up to the task.
Characteristic's Of Smart Grid
The Smart Grid is a transition of the present energy system into a new era Of reliability,
availability and efficiency. However, the scope of this transition is very large and not
defined.To enable proper information sharing between the projects, there is a need to
have a defined functionality and characteristics. Accordingly, the Smart Grid is
characterized by following goal and functionalities:
 Consumer Participation
◦ Real Time Monitoring of consumption
◦ Control of smart appliances
◦ Building Automation
 Real Time Pricing
 Distributed Generation: Incorporation of renewable energy resources into the grid
 Power System Efficiency
◦ Power Monitoring
◦ Asset Management and optimal utilizations
◦ Distribution Automation and Protection
 Power Quality
◦ Self Healing
◦ Frequency Monitoring and Control
◦ Load Forecasting
◦ Anticipation of Disturbances
 TECHNOLOGY

The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid operations.
In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas
 Integrated communications
 Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have been
developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most cases, data is being
collected via modem rather than direct network connection. Areas for improvement
include: substation automation, demand response, distribution automation, supervisory
control and data acquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh
networks and other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and fiber-optics.
Integrated communication will allow for real time control, information and data exchange
to optimize system reliability, asset utilization, and security.
 Sensing and measurement
 core duties are evaluating congestion and grid stability, monitoring equipment health,
energy theft prevention, and control strategies support. Technologies include: advanced
microprocessor meters (smart meter) and meter reading equipment, wide-area
monitoring system, dynamic line rating(typically based on online reading by distributed
temperature sensing combined with Real time thermal rating (RTTR) systems),
electromagnetic signature measurement/analysis, time-of-use and real-time pricing tools,
advanced switches and cables, backscatter radio technology, andDigital protective relays.
 Smart meters
 A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital
meters that record usage in real time. Smart meters are
similar to Advanced Metering Infrastructure meters and
provide a communication path extending from generation
plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart
grid-enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can
shut down during times of peak demand.
 Advanced components
 Innovations in superconductivity, fault tolerance, storage,
power electronics, and diagnostics components are changing
fundamental abilities and characteristics of grids. Technologies
within these broad R&D categories include: flexible
alternating current transmission system devices, high voltage
direct current, first and second generation superconducting
wire, high temperature superconducting cable, distributed
energy generation and storage devices, composite
conductors, and “intelligent” appliances.
Reduction Of Losses In Grid
 TECHNICAL LOSSES IN T&D SYSTEM
 Transmission system comprises of transmission
towers, conductors, insulators and switchgear
protection system transmits power from generating
station to any particular distribution substation.
 Distribution system comprises of feeder towers,
poles and insulators etc. which distribute power from
distribution substation to any particular area.
 Parameters influencing T&D system:
 Transformer
 Transmission line
 Distribution line
 TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-

 IRON LOSSES
 The loss of power consumed to sustain the magnetic
field in transformer steel core. It is also known as iron losses.
 Magnetic losses = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
 COPPER LOSSES
 The total power loss taking place in the winding of
transformer is called as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
 Cu losses = I12R1+ I22R2
 Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D
sector so also lets have a view to reduce or conserve this
losses. The major percentage of losses occurring in T&D
sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of
losses inT&D system. So, it is sole responsibility to reduce
them.
Energy Conservation Technique
A. Energy conservation in transmission system.
B. Energy conservation technique in transformer.
C. Energy conservation in transmission line.
D. Energy conservation in distribution system.
 Respond to prevent further
damage. focus is on
protection of assets following
system faults.
 Consumers are uniformed
&non-participative with the
power system.
 Vulnerable to malicious acts
of terrors natural disasters.
 Focused on outstage rather
than power quality problems.
Solve response in revolving
PQ issues.
 Automatically detects & respond
to actual & emerging
transmission &distribution
problems. Focus is on prevention.
minimizes computer impacts.
 Informed involve &active
consumers. Broad penetration of
demand response.
 Resilient to attach &natural
disasters with rapid restoration
capabilities.
B. ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUE IN TRANSFORMER
 OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER
 The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61 billion K
WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses. Study of typical grid
system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly 40% to 50% of total
transmission and distribution losses.
 Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading (as recommended by REC), the
overall efficiency of transformer can be increased and its losses can be reduced. The load
loss may be even reduced by using thicker conductors.

 Transformer ratings
 Reduction in losses at 38% loading
 25 KVA
 685-466W
 63KVA
 1235-844W
 100KVA
 1760-1196W

 IMPROVISION IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF TRANSFORMER
 This is nothing but the reducing No-Load losses or Core Losses. They can be reduced by
following methods:-
 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN TRANSMISSION
LINE:-
 Transmission losses can be reduced as follows:-
 BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
 Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we
reduce ‘R’ from this surely the losses will be reduced. For
this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR
conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also
successful.
 BY CONTROLLING VOLTAGE LEVELS-
 This can be done by following methods-
 1. By using voltage controllers
 2. By using voltage stabilizer
 3. By using power factor controller