Software Project Management

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far we have stud ed

v What¶s a project?
v What makes software projects d fferent
v Project Perspect ves
v Software Management Bas cs
 ± ± What s a Project?

v Project s a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a

un ue product or serv ce
v Project s a we

def ned set of tasks or act v t es that
must be comp
eted n order to meet the project¶s goa

[ Ôon rout ne tasks :

[ P
ann ng red
[ Sp Object ve to be met/ sp Products to be created
[ Predeterm ned t me span
[ Work s done for others
[ Work s carr ed out n severa
phases
[ Resource constra nts
[ Projects cou
d be
arge and/or comp
ex
 ±
Project vs Programme

v Project s a nonrepet t ve set of act v t es
ead ng to

s ngu
ar product or serv ce and gets over n a
m ted /
f n te t me frame
v Great wa

of Ch na
v Suez Cana

v `aj Maha

v Programme s a repet t ve array of act v t es carr ed out
on a
onger/ ndef n te t me frame to accomp
sh many
no of s m
ar / d ss m
ar projects

v Ident fy : project or programme ????

v putt ng a robot veh c
e on Mars to search for s gn of

fe
v Wr t ng an operat ng system
 ±  Project Success or Fa
ure

v A project success s usua

y measured n terms of

whether t s comp
eted w th n spec f ed t me and under
st pu
ated budget
v If t exceeds uncontro

ab
y t s termed as a fa
ure

v owever there s more to a project¶s success than just ts

comp
et on w th n t me and budget
[ Meet ng customer spec f cat ons
[ Degree of customer sat sfact ons
[ Leve
of success n the market p
ace
[ Resu
t n greater revenue and prof ts
 ±  Software project vs other project

v
 A br dge or road can actua

y be seen

W th software, progress s not mmed ate
y v s b
e
v  !" Per do

ar, pound or euro spent,
software products conta n more comp
ex ty than
other eng neered artefacts
v #$ Software deve
opers have to
conform to the reu rements of human c
ents
v !" `he ease w th wh ch software can be
changed s usua

y seen as one of ts strengths
 ±  `ype of Software

v System Software
v Rea
t me Software
v Bus ness Software
v Engg Ô sc ent f c Software
v Embedded Software
v PC based Software
v Web based Software
v AI based Software
v Open source Software
 ±  Prob
em w th software project

v poor est mates and p
ans;

v
ack of ua
ty standards and measures;
v
ack of gu dance about mak ng organ zat ona

dec s ons;
v
ack of techn ues to make progress v s b
e;
v poor ro
e def n t on ± who does what?
v ncorrect success cr ter a
±
%& $'!(!!)!*++,!)-

v Because resources are
m ted

v Because project has to be de
vered w th n t me and budget

v `herefore n order to max m se output (w th regard to

project de
very) w th the
m ted nput resource ,
manager a
attent on s needed
 ±  $'!(*++,!!.!# 

v PMI def nes Project Management as the ³Art of d rect ng

and coord nat ng human and mater a
resources through

out the
fe of a project by us ng modern management
techn ues to ach eve predeterm ned object ves of scope,
cost, t me, ua
ty and part c pant sat sfact on
 ±  Act v t es n Software Project Management

v `here are four broad phases n any project
fe cyc
e

± Prep
ann ng--- Conceptua
zat on, Formu
at on and Se
ect on

(Project feas b
ty study, Project Scop ng)

P
ann ng--- `ask def n t on and break ups, resource est mat on

 Schedu
ng and Contro
--- Resource a

ocat on, task execut on,

feedback and rev ew

 Imp
ementat on and `erm nat on--- Project comp
et on,

c
osure and hand over
± ± Step W se Project p
ann ng
 Se
ect
± Ident fy
Ident fy project
project
project object ves nfrastructure

 Ana
yse
project
character st cs
Rev ew
 Ident fy products
and act v t es

 Est mate effort

Lower for act v ty For each

eve
act v ty
deta
 Ident fy act v ty
r sks
± Lower
eve

7 A

ocate
p
ann ng
resources

8 Rev ew/ pub
c ze

 Execute p
an p
an
±

 $'!((!+$

v LPU Shopp ng ma

Project

v Where to setup
v Wh ch brand
v Fac
t es
v Stakeho
ders
v V rtua
money
 ! ±!+& $'!(( !+)
'!(!

v ± ± Ident fy object ves and measures of effect veness

[ µhow do we know f we have succeeded?¶

v ±
Estab
sh a project author ty

[ µwho s the boss?¶

v ±  Ident fy a

stakeho
ders n the project and the r nterests

v µwho w

be affected/ nvo
ved n the project?¶

v ±  Mod fy object ves n the
ght of stakeho
der ana
ys s

[ µdo we need to do th ngs to w n over stakeho
ders?¶

v ±  Estab
sh methods of commun cat on w th a

part es

[ µhow do we keep n contact?¶
! /+& $'!(#$+$0(0$!

v
± Estab
sh
nk between project and any strateg c

p
an
[ µwhy d d they want the project?¶

v

Ident fy nsta

at on standards and procedures

[ µwhat standards do we have to fo

ow?¶

[ Software
fe cyc
e??

v
 Ident fy project team organ zat on

[ µwhere do I f t n?¶
 ! 1
+# $'!((&+$+(!$(

v  ± D st ngu sh the project as e ther object ve or product-based

[ Is there more than one way of ach ev ng success?

v 
Ana
yse other project character st cs ( nc
ud ng ua
ty based

ones)
[ what s d fferent about th s project?
v Ident fy h gh
eve
project r sks
[ µwhat cou
d go wrong?¶
[ µwhat can we do to stop t?¶
v `ake nto account user reu rements concern ng mp
ementat on
v Se
ect deve
opment methodo
ogy and
fe cyc
e approach
[ waterfa

? Increments? Prototypes?
v Rev ew overa

resource est mates
[ µdoes a

th s ncrease the cost?¶
 ! 2
)!# $'!( $)0(
+)+(!
 ± Ident fy and descr be project products - µwhat
do we have to produce?¶
[ What w

be the de
verab
es
 $)0(

v `he resu
t of an act v ty

v Cou
d be (among other th ngs)
[ phys ca
th ng (µ nsta

ed pc¶),
[ a document (µ
og ca
data structure¶)
[ a person (µtra ned user¶)
[ a new vers on of an o
d product (µupdated software¶)

v `he fo

ow ng are ÔO` norma

y products:

[ act v t es (e g µtra n ng¶, des gn, test ng )
[ events (e g µ nterv ews comp
eted¶)

v Products CAÔ BE _
 
or   _

±
 Product breakdown structure(PBS)

v Ma n product have sets of component products

v Product are grouped nto those re
at ng to the system
as who
e and those re
ated to nd v dua
modu
e
Project
Products

System Modu
e Management

Project Products Projects

Progress
Report
`ested
Overa

Modu
e Modu
e Code
ntegrated
spec f cat on Des gn doc
software
 Product descr pt on (PD)

v Product name/ dent ty v Re
evant standards

v Descr pt on - what s t? v Qua
ty cr ter a
v Der vat on - what s t
based on?
v Compos t on - what does v PDs can usua

y be re-
t conta n? used from one project to
v Format: form of the another
product

±
 Step  cont nued

2 /(0!|!!$( $)0(#3

v !!)#&!$ $)0(!"#$!#$!&!$
($!+ User
v $)0(#3)+,$+.  Reu rement
[ Shows the order n wh ch the products have to be comp
eted
[ Def nes a method of work ng
Overa

system
Modu
e Spec f cat on
des gn
Integrated
system test case
Modu
e code

Integrated
software
 ! 2 1!(,4! $)0(+(!

v `he $'!($!+5)3$0(0$!(PBS ) and

$'!(#3)+,$+ (PFD) w

probab
y have
dent f ed gener c products e g µsoftware modu
es¶
v It m ght be poss b
e to dent fy spec f c nstances e g
µmodu
e A¶, µmodu
e B¶ «
v But n many cases th s w

have to be
eft to
ater,
more deta
ed, p
ann ng


 2 2  $)0(!)!++(!3$5

v Ident fy the act v t es needed to create each product

n the PFD
v More than one act v ty m ght be needed to create a
s ng
e product
v Draw up act v ty network



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2


 
 

 
 



   






 







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Des gn Code
modu
e A modu
e A

Des gn Des gn Code

system `est
modu
e B modu
e B system

Des gn Code  

modu
e C modu
e C 
 

Des gn Code
modu
e A modu
e A

Des gn Des gn Code

system Check-po nt `est
modu
e B modu
e B system

Des gn Code
modu
e C modu
e C


 ! +!!##$#$!+(&+(

v  ± Carry out bottom-up est mates

[ Est mat on of staff effort reu red

[ d st ngu sh carefu

y between

 and
 _ t me
Ú Effort :
`ota
number of staff-hours (or days etc) needed to
comp
ete a task
Ú E
apsed: t me between the start and end of the task

v 
Rev se p
an to create contro

ab
e act v t es

[ break up very
ong act v t es nto a ser es of sma

er ones
as we cant judge the status n
ong act v t es
[ bund
e up very short act v t es (create check
sts)

7
! 9
)!#+($5
v  ± Ident fy and uant fy r sks for act v t es
[ damage f r sk occurs (measure n t me
ost or money)

[
ke
hood f r sk occurr ng

[ Ident fy the assumpt ons : c
ent reu rement s c
ear

v 
P
an r sk reduct on and cont ngency

measures
[ r sk reduct on: act v ty to stop r sk occurr ng
[ cont ngency: act on f r sk does occur
Ú Eg : contract ng staff

8
v   Adjust overa

p
ans and est mates to take
account of r sks
[ e g add new act v t es wh ch reduce r sks assoc ated w th
other act v t es e g tra n ng, p
ot tr a
s, nformat on
gather ng


 ! 

(+!$!0$(!

v 7 ± Ident fy and a

ocate resources to act v t es

[ Eg staff need for each act v t es

v 7
Rev se p
ans and est mates to take nto account

resource constra nts
[ More than one task ass gned to staff
Úe g staff not be ng ava
ab
e unt
a
ater date
[ non-project act v t es


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v 8 ± Rev ew ua
ty aspects of project p
an

[ Each task shou
d have ua
ty cr ter a

[ Qua
ty check has to be passed

v 8
Document p
an and obta n agreement

[ Proper documentat on

[ Agreement of a

part es

2




 







! ;<±"!(0! +:3!!
# +,
v Make prov s ona
p
an for d stant task
v Execute p
an
Step W se Project p
ann ng
 Se
ect
± Ident fy
Ident fy project
project
project object ves nfrastructure

 Ana
yse
project
character st cs
Rev ew
 Ident fy products
and act v t es

 Est mate effort

Lower for act v ty For each

eve
act v ty
deta
 Ident fy act v ty
r sks
± Lower
eve

7 A

ocate
p
ann ng
resources

8 Rev ew/ pub
c ze

 Execute p
an p
an

v Draw up a product breakdown structure of
a computer
a product breakdown structure of
a computer
 EXAMPLE

v `here s a garden shed n a garden `he project s to

d smant
e the shed and reassemb
e t n the garden
of a c
ose ne ghbour `he shed has some rotten
p eces When the shed has been d smant
ed, these
rotten p eces must be dent f ed and rep
acements
ordered from the company that supp
ed the or g na

shed Ôew f xtures and f tt ngs (screws, nuts and
bo
ts, g
ue etc ) for a

p eces w

be needed, so a
st
of the reu rements s to be made as the shed s
d smant
ed `he ne ghbour has sa d that he w


prepare the s te for the shed¶s new
ocat on as part of
h s own, separate project
product breakdown structure of the µo
d shed¶
Product F
ow D agram
v Deve
op a project p
ann ng for Course Schedu
ng
System n LPU

v Proposed P
an

v Course schedu
ng software s meant to create a

schedu
e for courses n a department, g ven the
preferences of professors and the nformat on on
ava
ab
e rooms and t mes
ots for courses