Compendium of Matter

Rúpasangahavibhåga
1. Enumeration (samuddesa)
2. Classification (vibhàga)
3. Origination (samuññhàna)
4. Groups (kalàpa)
5. Modes of occurrence (pavattikkama)
 What is Rúpa
 Variously translated a Råpa is that
s  which changes (form
 form, , color, state),
 matter (& energy),  breaks up or perishe

 corporeality, s owing to external c

 Materiality onditions eg physical
(heat/cold etc) and b
 Ultimately shapeless,
iological (insect, ani
formless and massless
mals, microbes etc)
 råpa and nàma are int
erdependent.
What is Rúpa
 Råpa is incessantly produced from four cause
s:
o kamma,

o citta,

o utu (heat) and

o àhàra (nutriment).

 Råpa lasts for only 17 mind moments, then it

perishes
 A form or shape or mass appears to be prese
nt when a lot of råpa has accumulated eg sun
or planet or mountain
1. Rúpa-samuddesa: Enumeration
28 types of rúpas
 Mahåbhuta (4 Great elements) and Upå
da-rúpas (24 Derivatives)
 Nipphanarúpas (18 concretely produced
matter) and anipphanarúpas (10 non-co
ncretely produced)
 Rúpa-samuddesa: Enumeration
28 types of råpa in two-fold categorisation as follows:
I. Mahàbhuta (4) – 4 Great Essentials
 Pañhavi (earth), àpo (water), tejo (fire), and vàyo
(air or wind);
 Possess own intrinsic natures, thus called ‘element
s’
 More prominent than the derivatives
 Huge masses (eg planet) result from accumulation
of these four elements
II. Upàdàya-råpa (24) – 24 Derivatives
 Derived from or dependent on the m ahàbhuta
Mahàbhuta maybe compared to earth, while the derivativ
es may be compared to trees growing in dependence
on the earth
Rúpa: Enumeration
28 råpas
over 11 classes by twofold classification
I. Nipphanaråpa (concretely produced matter)
(18)
 Possess intrinsic natures, suitable as obje
cts of meditation
 18 types of råpas distributed over 7 class
es
II. Anipphanaråpa (non-concretely produced ma
tter) (10)
 10 types of råpa which are more abstract in
nature, distributed over 4 classes
 NIPPHANARæPAs (18)
• Mahàbhuta (4)(Great Essentials)
• Upàdà-råpas (14) (Derivatives)
 I. Mahàbhuta (4) – Great Essentials

Pañhavi (Earth element) âpo (water element)

 Element of extension (  Element of cohesion

three-dimensional)  Characteristic mode of

 Characteristic mode of experience: cohesiven
experience: hardness/ ess; fluidity
softness (relative)  Serves to bind and hol

 Serves as support or n d the different particle

ucleus for the other co s of matter
-existing råpas
 I. Mahàbhuta (4) – Great Essentials

Tejo (Fire element) Vàyo (wind element)

 Element of heat or he  Element of motion or

at energy kinetic energy; pressu

 Characteristic mode of re
experience: hotness/c  Characteristic mode of

oldness; vivacity; mat experience: distension

urity and pressure - pushin
 Serves to mature or ri g and supporting
pen other co-existing r  Cause motion or oscill

åpas ation to other råpas

 I. Mahàbhuta (4) – Great Essentials

 Fundamental material elements that exist together an

d are inseparable
 The four essentials are
 supported by the earth element,
 held together by the water element,
 maintained by the fire element, and
 distended by the wind element.
 Every material substance on earth is made up of thes
e four great elements.
 Ultimately formless & shapeless;
 as meditation objects: meditate on their properties e
g hardness/softness; cohesion/fluidity; hot/cold; pus
hing & balancing
II. Pasàda-råpas (Sensitive Material Qualities)(5)
• Sensitive parts of the five sense organs – eyes,
ears, nose, tongue, & body
• Physical base and door for the five sense
consciousness
• Receive impressions of the sense objects

Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives)
Nipphanaråpas
 II. Pasàda-råpas (5)
(Sensitive Material Qualities)

1. Cakkhu-pasàda
– Sensitive part of the eye; registers form & color
– spreads in 7 layers in the pupil of the eye where images ap
pear.
2. Sota-pasàda
– Sensitive part of the ear, registers sound;
– spreads in the place shaped like a ring inside the ear-holes
.
3. Ghàna-pasàda
– Sensitive part of the nose, registers smells;
– spreads in the place shaped like the leg of a goat inside th
e nostrils.
 II. Pasàda-råpas (5)
(Sensitive Material Qualities)

4. Jivhà-pasàda
– Sensitive part of the tongue; registers tastes
– spreads in the middle upper surface of the tongue.

5. Kàya-pasàda
– Sensitive part of the body; registers tactile sensation
– spreads throughout the whole body sensitive to touch
,
– Exclude dead cells like head-hair, body-hair, finger-na
ils and hard dried skin.
III. Gocara-råpas (Material
Qualities of Sense Objects) (7)
• Five sense objects frequented by
pa¤cavi¤¤àõa (five sense
consciousness.
• Impinge on sense bases

Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives)
Nipphanaråpas (18)
 III. Gocara-råpas (7= 4+3)
(Material Qualities of Sense Objec
ts)
1. Råpàrammaõa – visible form (vaõõa)
2. Saddàrammaõa – sound (sadda)
3. Gandhàrammaõa – smell (gandha)
4. Rasàrammaõa – taste (rasa)
5-7. Photthabbàrammaõa – tangible object (patha
vã, tejo, vàyo)

** (àpo or cohesion cannot be felt by the sense

of touch.)
 Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives)
IV. Bhàva-råpas (Materia
l Qualities of Sex) (2)
1. Itthi-bhàva
– material quality that impa
rts femininity;
– it spreads all over the body
of the female.
2. Purisa-bhàva
– material quality that impa
rts masculinity;
– it spreads all over the bod
y of the male.
V. Hadaya-vatthu (
Heart Base)
• spreads in the blood
inside the heart.
• the seat of consciou
sness (mano-vi¤¤àõ
a).
• billions of hadaya-v
atthu spreads in the
blood of the heart.
 Upàdà-råpas (Derivatives)
VI. Jãvita-råpa (Mater VII. âhàra-råpa/Ojà (
ial Quality of Life) Material Quality of
• jãvitindriya-råpa—vital Nutrition)
force of kammaja-råpa • The gross food which i
which spreads through s taken in by making i
out the body. nto morsels = kabalãk
• Material counterpart o àràhàra.
f mental life faculty • àhàra-råpa = the nutri
• Regarded as physical l tive essence (ojà) whi
ife ch sustains the body.
 Nipphanarúpas (18) - Summary

 4 great essentials,  Nipphanaråpas: caused

 5 pasàda-råpas, and conditioned by ka
mma, citta, utu (tejo)
 7 gocara-råpas (to be
and àhàra (ojà)
counted as 4 excluding
 sabhàva-råpas: Each h
tangibility),
as innate properties su
 2 bhàvaråpas,
ch as hardness for pat
 hadaya-vatthu, havã and heat for tejo.
 jãvita-råpa and
 àhàra-råpa
 Nipphanarúpas (18) - Summary
 sa-lakkhaõa-råpas: E  Råparåpa: change in st
ach has the three saï ate, form and colour, et
khàta-lakkhaõas (inn c., due to heat and cold
ate signs): , etc
 - jàti (birth),
 jarà (decay), and  sammasana-råpa: objec
 aniccatà (imperman ts of insight meditation,
ence) contemplating anicca d
ukkha and anatta
 suffering, non-self
ANIPPHANARæPAs (10)
• Upàdà-råpas (10) (Derivatives)
 Anipphanarūpa (non-concrete Matter)
VIII. Pariccheda-råpa IX. Vi¤¤atti-råpas (2) (Materia
/âkàsa-dhàtu l Qualities of Communication (
(Material Quality of Limit last for one citta moment)
ation – space element) - ‘Body and verbal language’ co
• inter-atomic (particle) mmunicating ideas, feelings. at
or intra-atomic space t titudes
hat limits or separates 1. Kàya-vi¤¤atti – bodily action b
material groups (råpa- y hand, head, eye, leg, etc., to
kalàpas); gaps or aper let others understand one’s int
tures; entions. (cittaja vayo)
• Boundaries of matter
2. Vacã-vi¤¤atti – movement of t
• Dhàtu in the sense of he mouth to produce speech to
non-entity let others understand one’s int
entions. (cittaja earth)
 X. Vikàra-råpas (5= 3+2)
(Material Qualities of Mutability)

1. Råpassa-lahutà – physica 3. Råpassa-kamma¤¤atà –

l lightness or buoyancy; physical adaptability;
• suppresses or dispels the • opposed to the stiffness
heaviness or sluggishnes or unwieldiness of the bo
s of the body. dy, and is comparable to
• transformability well-hammered gold.
2. Råpassa-mudutà – physic • Non-weakness
al elasticity; 4 & 5. Vi¤¤atti-råpas (2)
• removes stiffness or rigid • Bodily intimation
ity in the body and is co • Verbal intimation
mparable to a well-beate
n hide.
 XI. Lakkhaõa-råpas (4)
(Material Qualities of Characteristics)
three characteristics of råp
a and nàma:
• arising (uppàda),
• existing (thãti) and
• dissolving (bhaïga).
Lakkhaõa-råpas are råpas d
enoting those instances:
1. Upacàya-råpa – arising
of råpa at the moment
of conception, and cont
inued arising of råpa til
l the required råpas in l
ife are completely form
ed
2. Santati-råpa – subsequent a
rising of råpas throughout th
e life-term.
(Upacàya and santati sometimes
treated as jàti or birth = ‘up
pàda’).
3. Jaratà-råpa – råpa denoting
development and decay durin
g the existing period of 15 co
nscious moments (‘thãti’)
4. Aniccatà-råpa – råpa denotin
g dissolution at the dissolving
moment of real råpa. (‘bhaïga
’ instant)
 Anipphanarúpas (10)- Summary
 pariccheda-råpa (inter-at
omic space),
 2 vi¤¤atti-råpas (intimatio
ns),
 3(+2 above) vikàraråpas (
mutability)
 4 lakkhaõa-råpas (arising;
subsequent arising; devel
oping& decaying; dissolvi
ng)
 anipphanna-råpas:
 not caused & condition
ed by 4 causess – kam
ma,citta, utu and àhàr
a
 not paramattha dham
mas - only modalities
or attributes of nippha
naråpas
 Anipphanarúpas (10)- Summary

 asabhàva-råpas = do not have innate properties,

 asalakkhaõa-råpas = do not have saïkhàta-lakkhaõa
s (anicca, dukkha, anatta),
 aråparåpa = not changeable by heat or cold, etc.,
 asammasana-råpa = not contemplated in insight me
ditation.
Summary on Enumeration of Rúpa
28 types of råpas enumerated by their specific properti
es as:
 Twofold into the 4 great essentials (mahàbhuta) + 24
derivatives (upàda-råpas)
 placed into 11 classes in twofold enumeration into Ni
pphanaråpas (18) and Anipphanaråpas (10)
 Nipphanaråpas (18)= mahàbhuta (4), pasàda råpas
(5), gocara råpas (4+3), bhàvaråpas (2), hadaya-va
tthu, jãvita-råpa and àhàra-råpa
 Anipphanaråpas (10)= pariccheda-råpa, vi¤¤atti-råp
as (2), vikàraråpas (3+2), lakkhaõa-råpas (4)
2. Rúpavibhåga (Criticism/Classifica
tion)
1. Singlefold
2. Manifold
 Rúpavibhåga: Singlefold
All råpas are just one in the following eight aspects:
1. Ahetuka – all are rootless;
2. Sappaccaya – all are related to the causes (kamma, citt
a, utu, and àhàra);
3. Sàsava – all serve as objects for defilements;
4. Saïkhàta – all are conditioned by the four causes;
5. Lokiya – all are connected with the world of five aggreg
ates of attachment;
6. Kàmàvacara – all come within the range of sense objec
ts;
7. Anàrammaõa – all do not perceive objects;
8. Appahàtabba – all are not eliminated by Maggas.
 Rúpavibhåga: Manifold
manifold when distinguished as bases, internal, external, doors, etc
1. Ajjhattika-råpa
 The five pasàda-råpas are
called ajjhattika (internal)
, the remaining 23 råpas
are called bàhira (external
),
 Valued, essential for sensi
ng (seeing, hearing, etc)
 Serve as doors for mental
phenomena – channel thr
ough which nàma access
object
2. Vatthu-råpa (bases)
 The five pasàda-råpa
s together + hadaya-
vatthu are vatthu-råp
a; the rest are called
avatthu-råpa.
 They act as seats of c
onsciousness
 Physical support for t
he occurrence of nàm
a
 Rúpavibhåga: Manifold
3. Dvàra-råpa (doors) (7)
• five pasàda-råpas + two vi¤¤atti-råpas = dvàra-råpas w
hile the rest are called advàraråpas.
• The five pasàda-råpas serve as doors which give rise to
pa¤ca-dvàra-vãthis
• two vi¤¤atti-råpas are the places and the means for perf
orming bodily actions (kàya-kamma) and verbal actions (
vacã-kamma).
4. Indriya-råpa (Faculties) (8)
• five pasàda-råpas + two bhàva-råpas + jãvitaråpa = eig
ht indriya-råpas
• remaining 20 råpas are termed anindriya-råpas.
 Rúpavibhåga: Manifold
5. Olàrika-råpa (12) (gross material phenomena)
• five pasàda-råpas + seven gocara-råpas = 12 = related to ge
nesis of consciousness; termed as
o olàrika-råpas (gross or coarse in the sense of easily seen o
r understood; instrumental in genesis of mental phenomen
a)
o santike-råpas (close to wisdom-mind)
o Sappañigharåpas (sense objects and sense organs strike o
ne another, impinging)
• remaining 16 råpas are termed (not directly related to genesis
of consciousness)
o sukhuma-råpas (fine or subtle)
o dåre-råpas (dåre – far) (far from wisdom-mind)
o Appañigharåpas (non-impinging)
 Rúpavibhåga: Manifold
6. Upàdinna-råpa (18 kamm
aja-råpas) (clung-to)
• upàdinna-råpas1
– 8 kammaja-råpas, råpas
produced by kammas as
the fruits (resultants) of
kamma motivated by cra
ving (taõhà) and wrong
view (diññhi)
– organic råpas
• the rest are anupàdinna-r
åpas.
7. Sanidassana-råpa (ca
n be seen by the eyes
)
• Råpàrammaõa (vaõõa
) is called sanidassan
a-råpa, because it can
be seen by the eye.
• remaining råpas are c
alled anidassana-råpa
s as they cannot be s
een by the eye.
 Rúpavibhåga: Manifold
8. Gocaraggàhika-råpa (bases and support for sense consciousne
ss) (5)
• five pasàda råpas can take external sense-objects as sense ba
ses and support for the respective consciousness = gocaragg
àhika-råpas
• cakkhu-pasàda and sota-pasàda = asampatta-gàhika: objects
can be cognised without their coming into direct contact with t
he sense organs (’see a flower’ or ‘hear a man talk’ without eit
her coming into direct contact with the eyes or ears; cf. taste,
smell, touch – direct contact with sense organs required)
• The rest are called agocaraggàhika-råpas.
 Rúpavibhåga: manifold
9. Avinibbhoga-råpa (8 Inseparables)
• eight råpas comprising pathavã, àpo, tejo, vàyo, vaõõa (visibl
e form), gandhà (smell), rasa (taste), and ojà (nutritive essen
ce) are bound together and are inseparable and indivisible =
avinibbhoga-råpas
• the rest are called vinibbhoga-råpas.
• Avinibbhoga-råpas are produced together in nature as kalàpas
(material groups) (smallest indivisible fundamental units of m
atter)
• Avinibbhoga-råpas are present in all material objects from the
simplest to the most complex
• Kalàpa consisting of purely these 8 elements = ‘pure octad’ (s
uddhaññhaka) or ojaññhaka
3. Råpa-samuññhàna (The Causes or Or
igination of Material Phenomena)
There are four causes or modes of origin of rå
pa:
1. Kamma (cetanà or volition),
2. Citta (consciousness),
3. utu (heat) &
4. Àhàra (nutritive essence).
Kammaja-rúpa: Material Phenomena arising from Kamm
a

• Kamma= cetanà of past akusala and kusala cittas

• 25 types of kamma produce råpa:
= 12 akusala cetanà + 8 kàmàvacarà-kusala cetanà +
5 råpàvacara-kusala cetanà.
• These moral and immoral kamma produce råpas in the
kàma-sphere and the råpa-sphere at every submoment
(arising, existing and decaying submoments of each citt
a), starting from the arising submoment (instant) of reb
irth consciousness till death (the decaying moment of c
uti citta).
• aråpàvacara kamma do not produce råpas.
Cittaja-rúpa: Material Phenomena arising from Citta

• Four Aråpa vipàka cittas and the 10 dvipa¤cavi¤¤àõa c

ittas do not produce råpa
• The rest (89-14=),75 types of citta produce råpa
• All pañisandhi-cittas (rebirth-linking) and the cuti citta
(death-consciousness) of arahats also do not produce
råpa.
• The 75 cittas produce cittaja råpas at every arising ins
tant of the respective cittas, starting from arising sub
moment of the first bhavaïga-citta until the arising sub
moment of the cuti citta
Cittaja-rúpa: Javana & Other Cittas
• 26 appanà-javana cittas
o produce cittaja-råpa and also support the four bodily
postures – viz., standing, sitting, lying and walking.
• 32 cittas comprising mano-dvàràvajjana, 29 kàmàvacara
javanas and 2 abhi¤¤às (supernormal knowledge):
o produce cittaja-råpa, support the bodily postures and
also produce two vi¤¤atti-råpas for bodily and vocal i
ntimations.
o 13 somanassa javanas also produce smiles and laught
ers
Cittaja-rúpa: Javana & Other Cittas
• Of the 32 cittas mentioned before:
o 2 domanassa javanas (2 dosa-måla) cittas produce m
oaning and weeping.
o Hasituppàda and 4 somanassa-mahà-kiriya cittas pro
duce smiles in Buddhas and arahats.
o 2 lobhamåla-diññhigata-vipayutta-somanassa cittas &
4 somanassa-mahà-kusala cittas produce smiles & lau
ghters in sekha-persons i.e., sotàpannas, sakadàgàm
ãs and anàgàmãs.
o Four lobhamåla-somanassa cittas and 4 somanassa m
ahà-kusala cittas produce smiles and laughters in put
hujjanas (worldlings).
 Cittaja-rúpa: Other Cittas
• Three mano-dhàtus (pa¤cadvàràvajjana citta and 2 sam
pañicchana cittas), 11 tadàlambaõas and 5 råpàvacara vi
pàka cittas (totaling 19) produce only ordinary cittajaråp
a.
Utuja-rúpa: Material Phenomena Arising from Heat/Cold
(Temperature)

o Tejo, fire element is present in all råpa-kalàpas

• Tejo produces utuja-råpas on reaching its static (existing
) stage and continues producing utuja-råpas at every sm
all instant both internally and externally.
• Internal tejo in kammaja-råpa formed at patisandhi com
bines with external fire element to produce utuja-råpa (o
rganic); thereafter tejo in råpas born of all 4 causes cont
inue to produce utuja råpas (organic)throughout the cou
rse of existence
• Externally tejo produces inorganic råpas – climatic and g
eological transformations
Åhåraja-rúpa: Material Phenomena Arising from Åhåra (
nutriment)

• nutritive essence, ojà, is present in all råpa-kalàpas both

inside the body (internal) and outside the body (external
– external food).
• internal ojà and the external ojà (food consumed) meet i
n every part of the body, moment of meeting = arising i
nstant (uppàda).
• internal and external ojàs start producing àhàraja-råpas
at the static instant (thãti) and goes on producing them
at every small instant until the combination terminates.
Analyses of Råpa by Cause or Origins

1. Ekaja-råpa – råpa produced by a single cause

2. Dvija-råpa – råpa produced by two cause
3. Tija-råpa – råpa produced by three causes
4. Catuja-råpa – råpa produced by four causes
5. Anekaja-råpa – råpa produced by more than one ca
use or by many causes

four lakkhaõa-råpas are not produced by any cause – d

enote arising, subsequent arising, developing & dec
ay., and dissolving of real råpas
Ekaja-rúpa (Single Cause) (11)
• Råpas produced by kamma alone (9):
– Five pasàda-råpas,
– two bhàva-råpas,
– hadaya-vatthu and
– jãvita-råpa.
• produced by citta alone (2):
– Two vi¤¤atti-råpas
• Total ekaja-råpas = 11
 Dvija-rúpa (Two Causes) (1)
• Sadda (sound) is the only dvija-råpa -produced
by citta and utu.
• Cittaja sadda: all vocal sounds such as speech, l
aughter, whistling, crying etc.
• Utuja sadda: non-vocal sounds such as thunder,
recorded sound (from cassette, radio etc), vehicl
e noises etc
 Tija-rúpa (Three Causes) (3)
three tija-råpas – produced by citta, utu and àhàra: l
ahutadi-råpas
o råpassa-lahutà (physical lightness or buoyancy)
o Råpassamudutà (malleability or elasticity)
o råpassa-kamma¤¤atà (physical adaptability or w
ieldiness)
• Experienced when we feel pleasant eg mind is rela
xed and clear; environment is comfortable; food is
good or nutritious
Catuja-rúpa (Four Causes) (9)
Nine catuja-råpas – produced by kamma, citta, utu an
d àhàra:
o Eight avinibbhoga råpas comprising pathavã, àpo,
tejo, vàyo, vaõõa, gandhà, rasa and ojà
o àkàsa-dhàtu which arises when material groups (
kalàpas) of avinibbhoga-råpas are formed.
 Råpas by Types of Causes or Origins - Summary

Kammaja-råpas (18)
 9 kammaja-ekaja råpas: 8 faculties (5 sensitivities + two sex fac
ulties+ life faculty) + heart base
 9 kammaja-anekaja råpas (8 inseparables + space)
 Produced at every submoment (arising, static or existing, dissolv
ing).

Cittaja-råpas (15)
 2 cittaja-ekaja-råpas: 2 vi¤¤atti-råpas (intimations)
 13 cittaja-anekaja råpas (= 9 catuja-råpas + 1 sadda + 3 tija-rå
pas): 8 inseparables + sound + lightness triad + space
 Produced at every arising submoment of the citta
 Råpas by Types of Causes or Origins - Summary

Utuja-råpas (13)
 13 utuja-anekaja råpas: 8 inseparables + sound + space + lig
htness triad.
 Starts producing at static submoment and continues producin
g at every submoment (arising, static or existing, dissolving).

âhàraja-råpas (àhàraja-anekaja råpas) (12)

 8 avinibbhoga råpa + 3 tija-råpas = 8 inseparables + lightne
ss triad + space.
 Starts producing at static submoment and continues producin
g at every submoment (arising, static or existing, dissolving)
 Råpas by Number of Causes - Summary

1. Ekaja – one cause (11=9 kammaja+2cittaja):

8 faculties+ heart base + 2 intimations
2. Dvija – two causes (1): sound (cittaja & utuj
a)
3. Tija – three causes (3): lightness triad (cittaj
a, utuja and āhāraja)
4. Catuja – four causes (9): 8 inseparables + sp
ace (kammaja, cittaja, utuja and āhāraja)
5. Lakkhaõas - Characteristics (causeless) (4): a
rising, existing, decay, impermanence
4. Grouping of Material Qualities (kalàpa
yojana)
 28 types of råpa do not occur singly, not found
separately in nature.
 They are produced by the four causes in the for
m of tiny material groups called kalàpas.
 There are 21 material groups in having the sam
e four features – arise, occur and perish togeth
er, have a common base.
 Rúpa-Kalåpa (Material Groups)
Kalàpas share the following four features:
1. All the råpas in a kalàpa arise together, i.e. the
y have a common genesis.
2. They also cease or dissolve together, i.e. they h
ave a common cessation.
3. They all depend on the four great essentials pr
esent in the kalàpa for their arising, i.e. they ha
ve a common dependence or base.
4. They are so thoroughly mixed that they cannot
be distinguished, i.e. they co-exist.
 Rúpa-Kalåpa (Material Groups)
Size of a Kalàpa = 10-5th of a paramàõu, invisible, i
ndivisible
Total of 21 Kalàpas (material groups):
• 9 kammaja kalàpas +
• 6 cittaja kalàpas +
• 4 utuja kalàpas +
• 2 àhàraja kalàpas.
 Kammaja-Kalåpa (9)
Nine kammaja Kalàpas are formed from the 18 kammaja-
råpas:
1. jãvita nonad = 8 avinibbhoga råpas (nucleus) + jãvita
-råpa = jãvita-navaka-kalàpa (group of 9 råpas includi
ng jãvita’ = simplest kammaja kalàpa.
2. Cakkhu-dasaka (eye-decad)= 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + j
ãvitaråpa + cakkhu-pasàda
3. Sota-dasaka (ear-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + jãvi
ta-råpa + sota-pasàda
4. Ghàna-dasaka (nose-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + j
ãvitaråpa + ghàna-pasàda
 Kammaja-Kalåpa (9)
5. jivhà-dasaka (tongue-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpa
s + jãvita-råpa + jivhà-pasàda
6. Kàya-dasaka (body-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas
+ jãvita-råpa + kàya-pasàda
7. Itthibhàva-dasaka (female-decad)= 8 avinibbhoga-
råpas + jãvita-råpa + itthibhàva-råpa
8. Pumbhàva-dasaka (male-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-r
åpas + jãvita-råpa + pumbhàva-råpa (purisabhàva)
9. Hadaya-dasaka (heart-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råp
as + jãvita-råpa + hadaya-vatthu
 Cittaja-Kalåpa (6)
formed from 14 cittaja-råpas (excluding pariccheda-råpa)
:
1. Cittaja-suddhaññhaka (pure octad) = 8 avinibbhoga-r
åpas produced by citta
2. Kàyavi¤¤atti-navaka (bodily intimation nonad) = 8 avi
nibbhoga-råpas + kàyavi¤¤atti
3. Vacivi¤¤atti-sadda-dasaka (vocal intimation decad) =
8 avinibbhoga + vacivi¤¤atti + sadda (sound)
 Cittaja-Kalåpa (6)
4. Lahutàdi-ekàdasaka (undecad of mutability) = 8 avinib
bhogas + lahutà + mudutà + kamma¤¤atà
5. Kàyavi¤¤atti-lahutàdi dvàdasaka (dodecad of bodily int
imation & mutability) = 8 avinibbhoga + kàyavi¤¤atti
+ lahutàdi-triad råpas
6. Vacivi¤¤atti-sadda-lahutàdi-terasaka (tridecad of vocal
intimation, sound & mutability) = 8 avinibbhogas + va
civi¤¤atti + 3 lahutàdi-råpas + sadda
 Utuja-Kalåpa (4)
formed from 12 utuja-råpas (excluding pariccheda-råpa):
1. Utuja-suddhaññhaka (pure octad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpa
s produced by utu
2. Sadda-navaka(sound-decad) = 8 avinibbhoga-råpas + s
adda
3. Lahutàdi-ekàdasaka(undecad of mutability) = 8 avinibb
hogas + 3 lahutàdi-råpas
4. Sadda-lahutàdi-dvàdasaka (dodecad of sound and muta
bility) = 8 avinibbhogas + sadda + 3 lahutàdi-råpas
 Åhåraja-Kalåpa (2)
formed by grouping together the 8 avinibbhoga-råpas an
d the 3 lahutàdi-råpas produced by àhàra.

1. âhàraja-suddhaññhaka(pure octad) = 8 avinibbhoga-r

åpas produced by àhàra
2. Lahutàdi-ekàdasaka(undecad of mutability) = 8 avinib
bhoga-råpas + 3 lahutàdi-råpas
 Internal Kalåpas: Occurrence
All 21 råpa-kalàpas occur internally in living beings. Note:
– Itthibhàva-dasaka does not occur in males.
– pumbhàva-dasaka does not occur in females.
– For those who are born blind or deaf, cakkhu-dasaka
or sota-dasaka are not present
– of the 28 types of råpa, itthibhàva-råpa is absent in
males and purisabhàva-råpa is absent in females  o
nly 27 types of råpa will be present in each being
 External Kalåpas: Occurrence
Among the 21 råpa-kalàpas only two utuja-kalàpas occur in
the external (bahiddha) world:
1. All inanimate things such as trees, stones, earth, water,
fire, corpses, etc., are made up of utuja-suddhaññhaka
kalàpas.
2. sounds produced by beating two sticks together or by r
ubbing of branches in the wind or by musical instrument
s such as violin, piano, radio, cassettes, etc., are utuja-s
adda-navaka kalàpas.
Rúpa-Kalåpas (Material Groups) Summary

Nine Kammaja råpa-kalàp Six cittaja råpa-kalàpas:

as: 1. Pure octad
1. Eye decad 2. Bodily intimation nonad
2. Ear decad 3. Vocal intimation decad
3. Nose decad 4. Lightness triad un-decad
4. Tongue decad 5. Bodily intimation and Ligh
5. Body decad tness triad do-decad
6. Female decad 6. Vocal intimation, sound a
7. Male decad nd Lightness triad trideca
8. Heart-base decad d
9. Vital nonad
Rúpa-Kalåpas (Material Groups) Summary

Four utuja råpa-kalàpa Two àhàraja råpa-kal

s: àpas:
1. Pure octad 1. Pure octad
2. Sound nonad 2. Lightness triad un
3. Lightness triad un- -decad
decad
4. Sound and lightnes
s triad dodecad
5. Råpa-pavattikkama
Arising and Occurrence of Material Phenome
na at:
1. the moment of conception,
2. during the course of existence, and
3. in different realms
Arising and Occurrence of Material Phenome
na
IN KÅMALOKA
 Four Modes of Birth/Conceiving
gabbhaseyaka-pañisandhi (womb-born creatures).
1. Andaja-pañisandhi (egg-born) – conceiving in egg shell
2. Jalàbuja-pañisandhi (womb-born) – conceiving in the w
omb
3. Saÿsedaja-pañisandhi (moisture-born) – conceiving in the
hollow of a tree trunk, in a fruit, in a flower, in marsh, in
stagnant water, in corpses and carcasses, etc., like flies a
nd mosquitoes.
4. Opapàtika-pañisandhi (spontaneous birth) – rebirth in the
form of a fully grown-up person about 16 years of age as
if jumping out of no where. Eg petas and devas
Arising & Occurrence of Rúpa-kalåpas (
by Birth Types)
All 28 material qualities occur undiminished, if circumstanc
es permit, in an individual during a life-time in kàmaloka.
At pañisandhi-kàla (the moment of rebirth) of Saÿsedaja (
moisture-born) persons & opapàtika (spontaneous rebirt
h)-persons:
• at most seven kammaja-kalàpas - eye-decad, ear-decad,
nose-decad, tongue-decad, body decad, sex-decad and
heart-decad are manifested.
• eye, ear, nose, and sex-decads are sometimes not manif
ested.
Arising & Occurrence of Rúpa-kalåpas (
by Birth Types)
gabbhaseyaka-persons (womb-born creatures):
• At pañisandhi-kàla (the moment of rebirth):
– three kammaja-kalàpas - body decad, sex-decad and
heart-decad are manifested at the moment of concep
tion.
– The sex-decads may not be manifested in some.
• At pavatti-kàla (during life), eye decad and the rest
are manifested slowly in order.
 Arising & Occurrence of Rúpas
(by Cause) – Sense Sphere
1. kammaja-råpa
– Starts forming at the moment of the first arising sub
moment (uppàda) of rebirth consciousness (pañisand
hi citta) and continues forming incessantly at every s
ubmoment of every consciousness throughout life. (u
ntil 17th citta preceding cuti or death citta)
2. Cittaja-råpa
– begins to form from the arising instant (uppàda) of t
he first bhavaïga citta that follows pañisandhi citta, a
nd continues forming at every arising instant (uppàd
a) of the subsequent cittas for the whole life-time.
Arising & Occurrence of Utuja-Rúpas
3. Utuja-råpa
• starts forming when tejo-dhàtu (utu) present in the first ka
mmaja-kalàpas comes to the static stage (thãti)] from the
existing instant (thãti) of rebirth consciousness, tejo-dhàtu
then continues to produce utuja-råpa at every submoment
or minor-instant.
• every kalàpa (contains tejo-dhàtu), from the time it reache
s the static stage, produces new utuja-kalàpas at every mi
nor instant.
• every utuja kalàpa, from the time it reaches the static stag
e, produces new utuja-kalàpas at every minor instant.
• The process of production of utuja kalàpa continues foreve
r
 Arising & Occurrence of Åhåraja-Rúpas
4. Åhàraja-råpa
– Every kalàpa contains the nutritive essence, ojà.
– àhàraja-råpa starts to form when internal ojà meets e
xternal ojà at the time of diffusion of nutritive essenc
e and the combination of internal and external ojà co
mes to the static stage.
– From that instant, àhàraja-råpa is formed at every mi
nor instant in the sense sphere
Arising & Occurrence of Rúpas in Kåmaloka
• new groups of material qualities are incessantly
produced,
• old groups dissolve and disappear when their life
time of 17 conscious-moments is over.
• material phenomena go on forming and dissolvin
g away uninterruptedly in the sense-sphere till t
he end of life like the flame of a lamp, or the str
eam of a river
 Material Phenomena at Death
• At the time of death, psychic life (jãvitindriya cetasika) and
physical life (jãvitindriya råpa) must cease together.
• The last kammaja råpa is formed at the ‘arising submomen
t’ of the 17th citta counting backward from cuti citta (death
consciousness) so that the last kammaja råpa will cease at
the dissolving instant (bhaïga) of cuti citta
• Cittaja-råpa is formed till the arising instant of the cuti-citta
. The last cittaja-råpa will have lasted for a conscious-mom
ent at the dissolution of cuti-citta, and thus will perish in an
other sixteen conscious-moments after cuti.
 Material Phenomena at Death
• âhàraja-råpa is formed till the dissolving instant of the c
uti citta,
• last-formed àhàraja-råpa lasts for only one minor-instant
(submoment of consciousness) after death and will peris
h completely in another 50 instants (submoments) (3x17
submoments – 1 submoment = 50)
• utuja-råpa goes on forming and dissolving till the corpse
is converted into dust. A corpse consists of only utuja-rå
pa.
Arising and Occurrence of Material Phenome
na
RæPALOKA (Material Sphere)
Arising of Material Phenomena in Råpa-planes
• In the råpa-plane, being asexual
– nose-decad, tongue-decad, body-decad, sex decads
and àhàraja-kalàpas (pure octad & lahutadi triad und
ecad of àhàraja origin) do not arise.
– May possess physical form of nose, tongue & body b
ut these lack sense receptivity
• At the time of opapàtika rebirth (spontaneous appearan
ce), four kammaja-kalàpas - eye-decad, ear decad, hea
rt-decad and vital-nonad arise.
• During life, cittaja kalàpas and utuja-kalàpas also arise.
Arising of Material Phenomena in Råpa-plan
e - Asa¤¤asatta Brahmas
For Asa¤¤asatta brahmas (‘mindless or non-percipient bein
g’ – no desire for perception or consciousness)–
• eye-decad, ear-decad, heart-decad and sound-nonad (sa
dda-navaka) do not arise.
• cittaja-kalàpas do not arise
• at the time of their opapàtika-rebirth, only the vital-nona
d (jãvita-navaka) arises.
• During life, utuja-kalàpas, except sound-nonad, arise in
addition.
 Arising of Material Phenomena
Kàmaloka & Råpaloka - Summary

1. all the 28 råpas arise in the kàma-sphere;

2. in the 15 råpa-planes, with the exception of Asa¤
¤a-satta - 23 råpas arise (ghàna-pasàda, jivhà-pa
sàda, kàya-pasàda, itthi-bhàva and purisa-bhàva
being excluded);
3. only 17 råpas arise in the Asa¤¤asatta plane - 8 a
vinibbhogas, jãvita, pariccheda, 3 lahutàdi, 4 lakk
haõa-råpas;
4. no material arises in the aråpa-planes;
 Arising of Material Phenomena
Kàmaloka & Råpaloka - Summary

5. eight råpas comprising sadda, five vikàra-råpas (l

ahutadi triads and 2 vi¤¤atis), jaratàråpa and ani
ccatà-råpa, do not arise at the moment of birth o
r conception (pañisandhi-kàla)

6. during life time, there is no råpa which is not for

med.
 On the Path – Empirical Learning

Ultimately råpa is formless and massless.

Kalàpa can be observed with samàdhi eye
Nipphana råpas (18) can be contemplated in insight
meditation
 NIBBĀNA
Unconditioned Reality
Nirvàna (Nibbàna) & Saüsàra
 Nirvàna = free or departure from craving
 Saüsàra = perpetual wanderings in the sea of life; eternal
cycles of birth, aging, sickness and death; transformation
of the fivefold khandhas over inconceivable periods due to
ignorance and craving.
 Craving due to ignorance lead to generation of fresh kam
ma that gives rise to repeated births and death, endless w
anderings in Saüsàra.
 When craving is totally annihilated in the four maggas, Ni
bbàna is attained, one leaves Saüsàra forever
 Nibbåna - Definition
1. Nibbàna (nirvàõa) is the only unconditioned ultimate reality
2. Nibbàna is supramundane (lokuttara):
 beyond the 31 planes of existence,
 beyond the world of mind and body (five aggregates).
3. Nibbàna is realized by insight knowledge of the Four Paths; ob
served by four magga-¤àõa and four phala-¤àõa.
4. Nibbàna is the object of the four Paths (magga) and their Frui
ts (phala)
5. Departure from craving, an entanglement
What is Nibbåna - Analysis
Nibbàna is
1. Singlefold by its intrinsic nature:
 Nibbàna is unique in its peacefulness (santi);
 unconditioned undifferentiated ultimate reality
 unconditioned deathless element totally transcendent t
o the conditioned world
2. Twofold – according to the way it is experienced before
and after the death of the arahat:
 sa-upàdisesa Nibbàna (before death) and
 anupàdisesa Nibbàna (after death)
What is Nibbåna - Analysis
3. Threefold according to the different aspects:
 Su¤¤ata (void, empty of defilements),
 Animitta (signless),
 Appanihita (desireless)
4. Known by other attributes –
 deathless,
 endless,
 non-conditioned,
 incomparable.
 Sa-upàdisesa-Nibbàna
sa-upàdisesa: Sa – with; upàdi – five aggregates grasped by c
raving & false view; sesa – remaining.
 Sa-upàdisesa Nibbàna = Kilesa Nibbàna, i.e. it is attained by
the annihilation of kilesas.
 In Buddhas and arahat, vipàka-cittas and their concomitants
(vipàka-namakkhandha) and kammaja-råpas still remain ev
en though defilements have been eradicated.
 sa-upàdisesa Nibbàna-dhàtu is the element of Nibbàna whic
h is realized by Buddhas and arahats before death with vipà
ka-nàmakkhandha and kammaja-råpas remaining
 Anupàdisesa-Nibbàna
 Nibbàna experienced by Buddhas and arahats after death.
 anupàdisesa Nibbàna-dhàtu is element of Nibbàna which i
s realized without any vipàka-nàmakkhandha and kammaj
a-råpa remaining
 Anupàdisesa Nibbàna = Khandha Nibbàna, i.e. it is attaine
d by the annihilation of the five aggregates.
 Three Modes of Nibbåna
1. Su¤¤ata-Nibbàna (void aspect)
 devoid of lust, hatred and ignorance;
 devoid of råpa and nàma and all that is conditioned.
2. Animitta-Nibbàna (signless aspect)
 Nibbàna has no form and shape; free from signs of greed et
c and all conditioned things.
3. Appanihita-Nibbàna (desireless)
 no nàma and råpa nor any form and shape to be longed for
by taõhà (craving or lust)
 not desired by craving; Nibbàna is absolutely free from lust
as well as from the hankerings of lust
 Other Characteristics of Nibbåna
1. Accutaü – It is past death, and thus no death occurs in Nib
bàna.
2. Accantaü – It has past the end called death, so it is endless
.
3. Asaïkhataü – It is not conditioned by the four causes, kam
ma, citta, utu and àhàra. Hence it is eternal and is neither
a cause nor an effect.
4. Anuttaraü – It is superior (unsurpassable) to and more nob
le than any Dhamma.
5. Padaü – It is an objective reality (vatthu-dhamma) that can
be realized by ariyas (noble persons).
Javana & Other cittas
Kàma-javana cittas (29) — 12 akusala cittas + 8 mahà
-kusala cittas + 8 mahà-kiriya cittas + 1 hasittupàda cittas.
Appana-javana cittas (26)= 9 mahaggata kusala cittas +
9 mahaggata kiriya cittas + 4 magga-¤àõa cittas + 4 phala-¤
àõa cittas. (ref: mtm, p124/448)
Two abhi¤¤àna citta = 5th råpavacara kusala abhi¤¤àna citta,
and 5th råpavacara kiriya abhi¤¤àõa citta .
Manodhàtu cittas consist of pa¤cadvàràvajjana citta and 2 sa
mpañicchana cittas (ref: mtm, 125/448)
11 cittas which perform tadàlambana-kicca (registering functi
on). They are 3 santiraõa cittas and 8 mahà-vipàka cittas.
Paramàõu
According to the ancient belief
one rathareõu consists of 16 tajjàris, one tajjàri,
16 aõus; one aõu, 16 paramàõus.
The minute particles of dust seen dancing in the s
unbeam are called rathareõus.
One paramàõu is 4096th part of a rathareõu.
This paramàõu was considered indivisible.
Citta & Rupa life span
Life span of a citta measured in short instants as:
 Uppàda – the genetic instant
 Thãti – the existing instant
 Bhaïga – the dissolving instant
Life span of rupa
= 17 citta moments with the exception of five råpas— t
wo vi¤¤attis (one citta moment), jàti, jarà, and anicca
tà. (p334, Narada)