PRINSIP DASAR

NEUROIMAGING
Oleh
Edrial N. Eddin
 MEDICAL IMAGING

X-Ray

MRI
 NEUROIMAGING

A PET scan showing activity in the speech

centre of the brain
 NEUROIMAGING

Pengukuran Makroskopik aktivitas otak manusia dapat diperoleh

maupun dilihat melalui instrument medis yang dengan
mengunakan teknologi "imaging" seperti :
• MEG (Magnetoenchepalograph) memantau aktivitas
kemagnetan otak
• EEG (Electroenchepalograph) memantau aktivitas listrik otak
• TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation)
• X Ray
• CT Scan (CAT Scan - Computed Axial Tomography)
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
• NIRS (Near Infrared Spectroscopy)
• PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
• SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)
 BIOMEDICAL IMAGING

GOAL :
– Create images of the interior of the living
human body from the outside for diagnostic
purposes.

Biomedical Imaging is a multi-disciplinary field

involving :
– Physics (matter, energy, radiation, etc.)
– Math (linear algebra, calculus, statistics)
– Biology/Physiology
– Engineering (implementation)
– Computer science (image reconstruction,
signal processing)
 X-RAY IMAGING

• Year discovered: 1895 (Röntgen, NP 1905)

• Form of radiation:
• Energy / wavelength of radiation:
• Imaging principle:
• Imaging volume:
• Resolution:
• Applications:
X-rays = electromagnetic
radiation (photons)
0.1 – 100 keV / 10 – 0.01 nm
(ionizing)
X-rays penetrate tissue and
create "shadowgram" of
differences in density.
Whole body
Very high (sub-mm)
Mammography, lung diseases,
orthopedics, dentistry,
cardiovascular, gastro intestine
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 Contoh X-Ray Images

• What do you see?

• What don’t you see?
 X-Ray Computed Tomography

• Year discovered: 1972 (Hounsfield, NP 1979)

• Form of radiation: X-rays
• Energy / wavelength of radiation: 10 – 100 keV / 0.1 – 0.01 nm
(ionizing)
• Imaging principle: X-ray images are taken under
many angles from which
tomographic ("sliced") views
are computed
• Imaging volume: Whole body
• Resolution: High (mm)
• Applications: Soft tissue imaging (brain,
cardiovascular, GI)
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 Contoh X-Ray CT Images

• What do you see?

 Nuclear imaging (PET/SPECT)

• Year discovered: 1953 (PET), 1963 (SPECT)

• Form of radiation: Gamma rays
• Energy / wavelength of radiation: > 100 keV / < 0.01 nm
(ionizing)
• Imaging principle: Accumulation or "washout" of
radioactive isotopes in the
body are imaged with x-ray
cameras.
• Imaging volume: Whole body
• Resolution: Medium – Low (mm - cm)
• Applications: Functional imaging (cancer
detection, metabolic
processes, myocardial
infarction)
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 Contoh SPECT/PET Images
SPECT

• What do you see?

PET
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Year discovered: 1945 ([NMR] Bloch, NP 1952)

1973 (Lauterbur, NP 2003)
1977 (Mansfield, NP 2003)
1971 (Damadian, SUNY DMS)
• Form of radiation: Radio frequency (RF)
(non-ionizing)
• Energy / wavelength of radiation: 10 – 100 MHz / 30 – 3 m
(~10-7 eV)
• Imaging principle: Proton spin flips are induced,
and the RF emitted by their
response (echo) is detected.
• Imaging volume: Whole body
• Resolution: High (mm)
• Applications: Soft tissue, functional imaging
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 Contoh MR Images

• What do you see?

 Ultrasound Imaging

• Year discovered: 1952 (clinical: 1962)

• Form of radiation: Sound waves (non-ionizing)
NOT EM radiation!
• Frequency / wavelength of radiation: 1 – 10 MHz / 1 – 0.1 mm

• Imaging principle: Echoes from discontinuities in

tissue density/speed of sound
are registered.
• Imaging volume: < 20 cm
• Resolution: High (mm)
• Applications: Soft tissue, blood flow
(Doppler)
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

For comparison, this is

wavelength/frequency range of US,
but US is NOT electromagnetic!
 Contoh Ultrasound Images

SPECT

• What do you see?

 Optical Tomography

• Year discovered: 1989 (Barbour)

• Form of radiation: Near-infrared light (non-

ionizing)

• Energy / wavelength of radiation: ~1 eV/ 600 – 1000 nm

• Imaging principle: Interaction (absorption,
scattering) of light w/ tissue.
• Imaging volume: ~103 cm3
• Resolution: Low (~ 1cm)
• Applications: Perfusion, functional imaging
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
 Contoh Diffuse Optical Tomography
Images

Brain SPECT

Breast
Arm

• What do you see?

 INSTRUMENTASI KEDOKTERAN

INSTRUMENTASI : Segala ikhwal yang

menyangkut INSTRUMEN

INSTRUMEN :
• alat yang menambah ketelitian,
memperdalam dan memperpanjang
jangkauan manusia.
• membantu manusia untuk mengetahui
besaran di sekitarnya.
 PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK (1)

• PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK PADA

DASARNYA DIGUNAKAN, UNTUK MEDICAL
TREATMENT DAN DIAGNOSIS PASIEN.
• BIASANYA DILENGKAPI DENGAN INTRUKSI-
INSTRUKSI YANG DIPERLUKAN TERHADAP
PASIEN.

• DILENGKAPI DENGAN SISTEM PENGAMAN

AGAR ALAT-ALAT TIDAK TERKONTAK
LANGSUNG DENGAN TUBUH PASIEN.
 PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK (2)

• SEMUA ORANG PERLU DIHINDARI TERHADAP

MUATAN LISTRIK YANG BERASAL DARI
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK, DENGAN
MEMBUAT STANDARD PENGAMANAN.

• MENGINGAT TINGKAT BAHAYA BAGI PASIEN

DAN PENGGUNA ALAT LISTRIK YANG
TERKONTAK DENGAN TUBUH MANUSIA,
MAKA :
 PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK (3)

1. ALAT YANG DIGUNAKAN ADALAH HARUS

MEMENUHI STANDAR SERTA YANG AMAN.

2. ALAT YANG DIGUNAKAN TIDAK TERGOLONG TUA

(KOMPONEN SUDAH TIDAK SESUAI DGN
SPESIFIKASI TEKNISNYA),

3. KOMPONEN DENGAN UTILITAS RENDAH (SEPERTI

TABUNG VAKUM), SEBAIKNYA DIGANTI.

4. BILA MUNGKIN HARUS ADA SEORANG AHLI

LISTRIK UNTUK MENGATAKAN LAYAK TIDAKNYA
PEMAKAIAN.
 KONSEP DASAR
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK
 KONSEP DASAR
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK
 KONSEP DASAR
PERALATAN ELEKTROMEDIK
A/D Converter: Resolution
 Implementasi pada Gambar Digital
Resolution – Degree to which a measurand can be broken into
identifiable adjacent parts ex pictures dpi (dots per square inch)

More Resolution Less Resolution

Another Example is the number of levels of resolution ex multimeter or binary

data word
3 3
2.5
2 2
1.5
1 1

Binary Resolution if you have 8 Bit that will represent 10 V what is the resolution
of the system? Resolution = 10 – 0 / 255 = 39 mV per bit
8 bits gives you 28 = 256 values or 256 -1 = 255 segments
 Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

• Sensitivity is the minimum input parameter that creates a

detectable output change
• Precision is the degree of reproducibility of the
measurements
• Resolution is the smallest detectable incremental input
parameter that can be detected in the output signal
• Accuracy is the maximum difference between the actual
value and the indicated value
 Analog vs Digital

Gambar / citra yang dihasilkan peralatan medis dapat berupa

gambar dalam bentuk analog ataupun digital.

Agar dapat diolah maupun diproses oleh komputer, gambar-

gambar tersebut harus dalam bentuk digital.
 Citra Digital

Definisi :
Citra digital adalah hasil penangkapan suatu objek fisik
menggunakanperalatan pencitraan digital, dimana setiap
bagian dari gambar tersebut direpresentasikan dalam bentuk
piksel (picture elements) yang tersusun berdasarkan
perbandingan kolom dan baris yang telah ditetapkan
sebelumnya.

Keuntungan :
Suatu citra digital dapat diedit, dimanipulasi, dikirim, dihapus,
dikopi atau dimasukkan ke berkas komputer lainnya atau ke
halaman web.
 Citra Digital

Kerugian :
Kualitas Pembesaran Gambar sangat tergantung dari
resolusi pengambilan gambar.

Citra digital dapat berupa :

• Black and White
• Gray scale
• Color
 MEDICAL IMAGES

• One-dimentional Signals
• Two-dimentional Images
• Three-Dimentional Images
• Four-Dimentional Images
• Five- or Higher-Dimentional?
Konsep Dasar Pengambilan
Gambar
MRI System Block Diagram
 Magnetic Resonance Image

• The MRI is a medical

diagnostic technique
that creates images of
the body using the
principle of nuclear
magnetic resonance.
 Computed Axial Tomography

• This system uses X rays

and computers to
produce three-
dimensional images of
the human body. It
provides detailed views
of the body’s soft tissues,
including blood vessels,
muscle tissue, and
organs, such as the
brain.