Concrete Design

Flowcharts
Updated 3/10/17
LAP SPLICES (How do they work?)
Servicability (cracking etc.)
 Concrete Design General Provisions
General Preliminary Design Information
Applicable Codes
• ASCE/SEI 7-10
• ACI 318-11
• Other ACI stuff
• CRSI
 Concrete Design General Provisions
General Preliminary Design Information
General Preliminary Design Information General Design-Strength Considerations
• Load Combinations from ASCE/SEI 7-10 ACI 9.3 – Design Strength
• Load Factors from ACI 318-11 Ch.9 • Tension controlled section (ACI 10.3.4) 
• Floor Live Loads ASCE 7-10 • Compression cntrl section (ACI 10.3.3)
• Unit Weight of Concrete 
• Lightweight structural concrete = 90 • Shear and Torsion 
• Sand lightweight concrete = 115 • Bearing on Concrete 
• Normal weight concrete = 145  150 for R.C.
• Heavy weight concrete = 200
• Specified Compressive Strength
• When using equations w/ it is common to use
• E.g. 4ksi concrete 
ACI 9.3
 Concrete Design General Provisions
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Durability of Concrete (Wmac pg 90).
Mechanical Properties of Concrete
• Compressive Stress-Strain Relationship
• Linear elastic up to 0.65
• Compressive strength reached @ approx. 0.002 strain
• descends past 0.002 to an ultimate strain of at least 0.003
• Young’s Modulus ( or
• ACI 3-18-11 Section 8.5.1  (
• For high-strength concrete  (
• Poisson’s Ration usually 0.18 to 0.2
• Tensile Strength
• ACI Eq. 9-10 
• =1.0 for normal wt., = 0.85 for sand-ltwt, & =0.75 for ltwt.
• Volume Changes (Section 3-6 of Wight/MacGregor textbook for examples)
• Temperature Change
• Axial Deformation
•
• Creep  Strain increase over long periods
• ACI 
• Shrinkage (humidity dependent)
• Common values 0.0004 to 0.0008 in/in.
 Concrete Design General Provisions
Mechanical Properties of Rebar
Mechanical Properties of Rebar (Wmac pg 93)
• ASTM A615 – Std Spec for Deformed & Plain Carbon-steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (designated w/ “S”)
• ASTM A706 – Std Spec for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Conc. Reinf. (designated w/ “W”)
• ACI 318-11 Section 21.2.5.1 requires A615 w/ special requirements of A706 for seismic.
• ASTM A996 – Std Spec for Rail-Steel & Axle-Steel Deformed Bars for Conc. Reinf. (designated w/ “I, R, or A”)

Mechanical Properties of Rebar (Wmac pg 93)

• Welded Wire Fabric
• Prestressing Steel
Concrete Design General Provisions
Concrete Design General Provisions
Mechanical Properties of Rebar
Concrete Design General Provisions
Mechanical Properties of Rebar
Design of Formwork
Design of Formwork??

General Preliminary Design Information

• Design of Formwork!!!
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design c a

N.A.
Flexural Design of Singly Reinforced Beams h
d

General Flexural Considerations for tension-controlled sections

• ACI 318-11 Sections 10.2 & 10.3 give governing principles of flexure
• Strain varies linearly through the depth of the section
• Complete bond btw steel & concrete (equating the strains in adjacent S&C) Common Terms
• ACI 9.3 – Design Strength • a = equivalent depth of compression zone
• Tension controlled section (ACI 9.3.2)  • = steel area in tension
• Compression controlled section (ACI 9.3.2) • = steel area in compression
 • b = width of compression zone
• = effective width for flange section
• Whitney Stress Block in
• = width of beam
• Uniform compression stress  over • c = distance from compression edge to N.A
c a=
•  • d = dist. from extreme comp fiber to centroid of
• When  longitudinal tension reinforcement.
• When  • = dist. from extreme comp fiber to centroid of
d
jd • When  longitudinal compression reinforcement.
• = dist. from extreme comp fiber to centroid of farthest
•  or
layer of tension steel
• = specified comp. strength of concrete
• Usually Set 
• Resulting Nominal Moment Strength is either Tension or Compression multiplied by
moment arm between the force couple (usually the tension force).

•  • Construction Considera
• See pg 129 Textbook for irregular shaped section jd.
• Spacing
• Bundled Bars
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design c a

N.A.

Flexural Design of Singly Reinforced Beams h

d

Flexural Analysis of Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam (pg 127&139 Textbook)

Given: & Rebar Layout Over Reinforced Section

NO Set  Results in Quadratic Eq. to solve for c

Use “c” to approximate T and (Average the two) and
  Steel Yields?
use new “a” value

YES

For beams with multiple layers of bars on the bottom calculate “d” by:
Where: is distance from centroid of bar to bottom of beam.
Example: Above has 6 #9 bars. h=20”, 2.5” from beam bottom to center of bottom rebar layer, and ACI 7.6.2 spacing over 1”min.
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design a +
c
N.A.

Flexural Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams h

d

Flexural Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam (pg 142 Textbook)

General Flexural Considerations
Reasons to Provide Compression Reinforcement (144 Textbook)
• Reduced sustained-load deflections  Creep transfers to over time Flowchart for Flexural Analysis of Doubly-Reinforced Concrete Sections
• Increased ductility  Reduces “a”  Similar triangles increases tension steel.
1. Assume
• Failure mode from Comp. to Tension   brittle failure = bad
• When is increased, compression str. increases  allows tension steel to yield 2. Select Value for “c” Typ.
• Eases Fabrication  allow stirrup anchorage Decrease c Increase c
start w/

Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength 3.

• Strain in the compression reinforcement =
• =
4.
• 
•   2 Unknowns (c & )
5.
• This results in an iterative solution for neutral axis depth “c”.
• Nominal Moment Strength follows per the flowchart on the right. 6.
• Selection of
•   **If , will be also 7. T
207 
207  8. Is
• Minimum Tension Reinforcement and Ties for Compressive Reinforcement N N
• Min. Tension Reinforcement = Same as for singly reinforced beams
• Ties  ACI 7.11 requires compressive reinf. to be enclosed in ties conforming to ACI 7.10.5 9.

10.
Where
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design c a

N.A.
Flexural Analysis of Flanged Sections h
d

Flanged Sections
• Effective Flange Width (ACI 8.12)
• Slab extending on both sides
• Slab extending on one side

Nominal Moment Strength of Flanged Sections in Bending

• Case 1 (): Compressive stress block within flange (width of compression zone = )
• Analyzed similar to a standard beam but with wider compression zone.
•
• Case 2 (): Compressive stress block extends into web
• Section is divided into two parts (the core block of width “b” and overhanging portions)

•  Determined by doubly reinforced section method

•  “a” is unknown and can be found here
• + when applicable include
• When checking use for positive moments
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design
Flexural Design of Beam Sections
Flexural Design of Beam/Slab Sections
• Slabs spanning beams have a long direction and a short direction
• If the ratio of the long direction (less flexural stiffness) and the short direction (more flexural stiffness) is 2 or
greater, it is common practice to provide flexural reinforcement to resist the entire load in the short direction
and only provide minimum steel for temperature and shrinkage in the long direction.
• These slabs are considered One-Way slabs because the majority of the loads are transferred in a single
direction.

• ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients (ACI 8.3.3)

• Given at mid-span and the faces of continuous beam supports
• Applicable if the following are satisfied:
• There are 2 or more spans
• Spans are approximately equal w/ larger note greater than shorter by 20%
• Loads are uniformly distributed
• Unfactored live loads don’t exceed 3 times unfactored dead loads
• Members are prismatic
• Maximum positive and negative moments and shears are computed from

• where is the clear spacing between column faces and are coefficients
• For negative moment at interior supports, can be the average of adjacent spans
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design
Flexural Design of Beam Sections
ACI Factored Design Workflow (page 185 Textbook) Make Comments on Comparing w/ Structural Analysis
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design
Flexural Design of Beam Sections
Initial Considerations
• Suggested minimum thickness of nonprestressed beams or one-way slabs
• ACI Table 9.5(a)
• Can be trumped by deflection analysis
• Concrete cover and bar spacing (textbook page 199)
• Concrete cover (ACI 7.7)
• Prestressed and precast are different, but present in the chapter
• Bar spacing based on:
• Maximum size of coarse aggregate (ACI 3.3.2) which is smallest of:
• 1/5 the narrowest dimension btw sides of forms
• 1/3 the depth of the slab
• ¾ the minimum clear spacing btw individual reinforcing bars/wires/etc..
• This equates to a spacing of 1.333 times aggregate size.
• Min. clear spacing btw parallel bars is but not less than 1” (ACI 7.6.1)
• Multiple layers of reinf. shall be above each other w/ spacing (ACI 7.6.2)
• Maximum spacing of flexural reinforcement in slabs is smallest of:
• 3 times the wall/slab thickness ()
• 18” (ACI 7.6.5)
• For tension face: ACI 10.6.4 where:
• = distance includes stirrup width. Commonly for beams
• = flexural reinforcement stress. Can be taken as 40,000 per ACI R10.6.4
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design
Flexural Design of Beam Sections
Workflow: Design of Reinforcement when Section Dimensions are Known (page 205 Textbook)
 Flexural Concrete Beam Design
Flexural Design of Beam Sections
Workflow: Design of Doubly Reinforced Beam Sections (textbook pg 220)
 Concrete Slab Design
Design of Continuous One-Way Slabs/Systems (textbook pg 229 also little ppiu book ch 7 or 8)
General Information on Continuous One-Way Slabs/Systems
• Assumed to act as a series of 1’ wide parallel independently acting strips of slab over supporting beams.
• Design Examples: CERM 51-3, MacGregor (229), & Concrete PPI (Ch

• ACI Moment and Shear Coefficients (ACI 8.3.3)

• Given at mid-span and the faces of continuous beam supports
• Applicable if the following are satisfied:
• There are 2 or more spans
• Spans are approximately equal w/ larger note greater than shorter
by 20%
• Loads are uniformly distributed
• Unfactored live loads don’t exceed 3 times unfactored dead loads
• Members are prismatic
• Maximum positive and negative moments and shears are computed
from

• where is the clear spacing between column faces and are

coefficients
• For negative moment at interior supports, can be the
average of adjacent spans
 Concrete Slab Design
Design of Continuous Two-Way Slabs/Systems (CERM 51-5 & MacGregor Ch 13 & Little PPI Ch 8)
General Information on Continuous Two-Way Slabs/Systems per ACI 318: Section 13 (CERM 51-5)
• Slabs are classified as “two-way” when the ratio of long-to-short sides is
• When no beams are used, the slab can be classified as a “plate” or “flat slab”.
• Design moments are obtained the same w/ & w/out beams per ACI 13.5
• Two main methods of design
• Direct Design Method (DDM)  CERM 51-6 MacGregor (653) & ACI (247)
• More popular method to use by hand
• Limitations are present
• Equivalent Frame Method (EFM): See MacGregor (670) for example.

• General Steps in Slab Design

1. Choose layout & type of slab to be used
2. Choose slab thickness: for service deflection, fire, column shear, etc..
3. Choose method of computing design moments (DDM or EDM): Just use DDM
4. Calculate the distribution of moments across slab width. Lateral distribution depends on slab geometry & beam stiffness (if any)
5. If there are beams, assign a portion of the column strip moment to them
6. Design reinforcement for the moments in steps 4 & 5 (Steps 3 to 6 need to be done for each principal direction)
7. Check shear strength at a critical section around columns

• Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio

• ACI denotes the effect of beam stiffness on deflection and distribution of slab moments with the function for flexural stiffness
• when there is no beam  when slab is same concrete as beam 
• See Macgregor 649 for example calcs
 Concrete Slab Design
Design of Continuous Two-Way Slabs/Systems (CERM 51-5 & MacGregor Ch 13 & Little PPI Ch 8)
General Information on Continuous Two-Way Slabs/Systems per ACI 318: Section 13 (CERM 51-5)
• Minimum thickness of Two-Way Slabs
• Beams only between exterior columns
• Use CERM Table on page 51-8

• Beams between interior columns

• Depends on the average value of in each slab direction  (see Little PPI book 59 for sample calc.)
• But must be over 5 inches thick.

• Relative Torsional Stiffness  ACI 13.6.4

• Distribution of negative moment across slab width at exterior edges depends on the torsional stiffness of beam edges also.
• where:  See design example MacGregor (663 to 667).

• Use design example from MacGregor (663 to 667) and CERM 51-7 to get design moments.
• Then design slab similar to a one-way slab.
• Check specialized shear strength also.
 Concrete Slab Design
Design of Continuous Two-Way Slabs/Systems (CERM 51-5 & MacGregor Ch 13 & Little PPI Ch 8)
General Information on Continuous Two-Way Slabs/Systems per ACI 318: Section 13 (CERM 51-5)
• Direct Design Method  Flow Example to Design Flexural Reinforcement & Shear

DDM Given:
Further Distribute into Column Strips & Middle Strips Check Shear Strength of Slab =0.75
1. Loading (DL & LL & Slab Weight) • CERM Table 51.4 • Controlled by Either
2. Column distances • Caveat of 85%  beams if they’re in column strip. • Wide Beam Shear Occurs in longer span at distance
3. Material properties • SEE MacGregor (662) for the process! from supports
•
Select Reinforcing Steel for Moment
Identify the Section in Question • B  Center to Center supports in
• The section span direction determines Estimate transverse direction
•  spanning length (center to center of supports)
First Iteration for •
•  transverse width (center to center of supports) Punching Shear  See little PPI book (63)
• Assume Tension Controlled
•  face to face clear distance along span length
• •
 •  40 for interior column, 30
exterior, 20 for corner.
Isolate Column Strips and Middle Strips (CERM 51-6)
Isolate w/ the Area of concrete required () to
balance the area of steel
Calculate the total Statical Moment
where: 

•
Transfer of Moment to Columns
PPI little book (65)
Find Adjusted Steel Area =0.9
Divide into Positive and Negative Portions
• Depends on conditions & relative section location
• USE 65/35 spread or CERM Table 51-3
• Whichever is applicable for span location
• MacGregor (656) defines exterior & interior supports Check Minimum Steel  ACI 7.12.2

SELECT BARS
 Shear in Concrete Beams
Shear in concrete beams
General Information Shear Reinforcement Limits
• General provision in ACI 318 Ch. 11 • Spacing: ACI 11.4.5
• Seismic provisions in ACI 318 Ch. 21 • Min. Shear Reinforcement: 11.4.6
• ACI 9.3.2.3 • Preferred Spacing?? (max, min, otherwise).

• Shear Strength of Slender RC Beams

• 
• For members subject to shear and flexure only: Typically
• λ from ACI 8.6.1 1.0 for normal wt conc., 0.85 for sandlghtwt, & 0.75 for lightwt.
• If more capacity is needed, alternate method for calculating in ACI 11.2.2.1

• ACI 11.1.3 – critical section may be taken “d” from face of support if the following are satisfied:
• Support rxn, in direction of applied V, imparts compression into member end regions.
• Loads are applied at or near top of member
• No concentrated load occurs btw face of support and location of critical section.
• For members subject to Axial Compression: ACI 11.2.1.2
• For members subject to Axial Tension:
• is positive in compression and , , 500, & 2000 are in psi.
• For Circular Cross Sections: diameter of circle & 0.8h or 0.8(diameter) if it can’t be calculated
quickly in the normal fashion.
 Shear Reinforcement Workflow
Shear in Concrete Beams Compute design shear force at
appropriate location (d or at support face)
Shear in concrete beams
C using ACI 318 Section 11.2
Shear Failure Limit States: Beams w/ Web Reinforcement (typically) OR
• Failure due to stirrup yielding 
• with  = 1.00 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
Spacing that prevents yield ACI 11.4.7 (vert. stirrups only). = 0.75 for all lightweight concrete
• Failure of Stirrup Anchorage: Stirrups must develop shear strength
• ACI 12.13.3: each bend in U-shaped stirrups shall enclose a longitudinal bar
• ACI 12.13.2.1: #5 and smaller stirrups use a standard hook around long. reinf. ? Stirrups not required.
(verify against seismic
w/out specified embedment length (135 & 90 degree preferred) requirements)
• ACI 7.11: requires closed stirrups in beams w/ compression reinforcement, Min. Stirrups Required.
stress reversals, or torsion
• ACI 7.13.2.3: requires closed stirrups around long reinf in all perimeter
beams.
• Cap tie good if two-piece stirrup is needed.
• ACI 12.6: headed and mechanically anchored deformed bars. Reduce
reinforcement regions.
Web Crushes. Redesign Beam
• Serviceability failure due to crack width at service load (pg 275 textbook)
• ACI 11.4.7.9: limits max shear transmitted by stirrups to
Per ACI 11.4.5.3

Consider the Following:

• Place 1st stirrup at from face of support
• Stirrups must continue when
• Transition to smaller stirrups when is lower
• If a really small spacing governs, switch from a
#3 stirrup to a #4 (or larger).
 Shear in Concrete Beams, Brackets, & Corbels
Shear Friction
General Information
• ACI 11.6 provides details for Shear Friction
• ACI 11.6.4 Shear Friction design method
• when stirrups are perpendicular to beam axis, where:
• 1.4λ for concrete placed monolithically
• 1.0λ for concrete placed against hardened concrete w/ surface roughened per ACI 11.6.9
• 0.6λ for concrete placed against hardened concrete w/out surface roughened
• 0.7λ for concrete anchored to as-rolled structural steel by headed studs (ACI 11.6.10)
• ACI 11.6.5 Sets maximum value of
• For normal-weight concrete placed monolithically or against concrete w/ surface roughened
• where is area of concrete resisting shear ()(d).
• For all other cases:
• When concretes with different values are used, use the lower value ACI 11.6.5
 Givens: 1) , 2) Column Size, 3) , 4) concrete weight, ,

Shear in Brackets,
Design of Brackets and Corbels
& Corbels Selection of Bearing Plate
1) Compute distance between and column face.
2) Assume bearing plate length for available column size.
For 16” col. try 12”(into the page) wide bearing plate
ACI 11.8 Provisions for Brackets and Corbels Ø=0.75 for all calculations 3) ACI 318 Section 10.14 (allowable bearing stress)
• Brackets and corbels with an ratio less than 2 shall be permitted to use design methods from ACI where:
318 Appendix A (Strut-and-Tie Model). Required length (along beam bottom) =
• Brackets and corbels may be designed w/ ACI 318 11.8.3 & 11.8.4 when: Upsize as needed
• 1
• Horizontal tensile force not larger than , but must be greater than 0.2 Determine Corbel Size (USE ACI 11.8.3.2.1 or ACI 11.8.3.2.2 Provisions)
• Depth at outside edge of bearing area shall be 1) For Nrml wt conc Min. =
• Yield strength of reinforcement 2) Upsize as needed  choose reasonable “h” 
• Main steel must develop at face of support. Commonly requires anchorage to cross-bar or 3) Corbel base width = same as column to aid construction.
metal plate at face of corbel.
• Shear transfer occurs through shear friction
• Supplementary shear friction steel (closed ties) may be distributed over top 2/3 of member

Compute Area of Tension-Tie Reinf: ACI 11.8.3.5

Compute Forces on Corbel: ACI 11.8.3.4 Check vs ACI 11.8.5
Factored moment SELECT MAIN STEEL BARS BY

Compute Area of Horizontal Stirrups: ACI 11.8.4

Compute Shear Friction Steel : ACI 11.6.4.1
SELECT HORZ. STIRRUP BARS BY TOP 2/3 OF “d” DIM.

Modify by concrete type on previous slide.
Establish Anchorage of Tension-Tie into Column: ACI 12.5.1 hooks w/ bars
selected for .
Compute Flexural Reinf : ACI 11.8.3.3 Measured from face of column. So ACI 12.5.3a reduction factor applies (0.7 here).
Iterative: Assuming 0.9d
=#
Establish Anchorage of Outer Bar Ends: Develop by welding to angle or an
embedded bar (int/out-of the page at the nose of the Corbel).

Other Details: ACI 11.8.2 & 11.8.7

Compute Direct Tension Steel: ACI 11.8.3.4 Use a pair of #3 or 4 bars to anchor the front of the Supp. Steel stirrups.
Shear in Brackets, & Corbels
Capacity Check of Brackets and Corbels (small book general Structures)
Show all Steel An Asc etc…
 Torsion
General Information Ø=0.75 per ACI 318 Section 9.3.2.3
• ACI 318: Section 11.5 Governs Torsion In pure torsion, cracks w/ angle off hor. ACI 11.5.3.6 allows
• After torsional cracking: Closed stirrups resist vert component. Long reinf to resist horiz. Components of
torsional stresses
• Gross area enclosed by shear flow  where = area inside centerline of outermost torsional
reinforcement/stirrups. It includes open spaces and are inside flanges w/ stirrups.
• Threshold Torsion: Torsion may be neglected if ACI 11.5.1
• = Area enclosed by perimeter of the section. = perimeter of the section
• Uniform Shear Flow:
• Applied Torsion is resisted by moment of shear flow in walls about section centroid:
• Shear Stress in the walls:
• Cracking is assumed to occur when principle tensile stress  • ACI 11.5.3.7 & R11.5.3.10 Required area of Long. Reinf.
• Cracking Torsion/Torque =
• When threshold is exceeded, reinforcement must resist full torsion, concrete is neglected. • ACI 11.5.5.3
• ACI 11.5.2.4: critical section is located “d” from the end of the section at a support. • Where:
• Except when a concentrated torsion is applied within “d”, then the critical section is at the joint face. • ACI 11.5.6.2 Minimum diameter long reinf bar
• Stirrup Area: Steel area to account for Shear and Torsion ACI 11.5.3.8
• accounts for two stirrup legs, while only accounts for one, resulting in: • To prevent concrete crushing combined torsion and shear forces
• The spacing of the reinforcement is limited by the minimum required by shear or torsion. limited by ACI 11.5.3.1.
• ACI 11.4.5 Shear spacing max  for • Dimensions of section must be:
• ACI 11.5.6 Torsion spacing max  but less than 12”. 12”max spacing default ACI 11.5.3
• When threshold torsion is exceeded: closed stirrups and long. reinf. Must be provided. For hollow sections:
• ACI 11.5.3.6 Required are of 1 leg of closed stirrup:
• ACI 11.5.5.2 Min. Combined area of shear & torsion stirrups:
 Factored torsional moment exceeds threshold of Section 11.5.1.

Torsion
ACI 11.5.6.1 ? NO
Provide transverse and longitudinal reinforcement to resist

Flowchart
Assume & & w/ #4 stirrups and 1.5” cc.

from support
NO Compression struts control:
REDESIGN SECTION
Different for
HOLLOW SECTIONS! Design Long. Reinf. For Torsion

Compute ratio of stirrup area required for Shear Where
See Previous Slides Last step for 
Or a known stirrup size at spacing “s”
Design Variables
outside perimeter of cross section Check min Long Reinf. For Torsion
area of the cross section Compute ratio of stirrup area required for Torsion
= perimeter along centerline of outermost closed = • ACI 11.5.6.2  Longitudinal bars have to be
transverse torsional reinforcement bar. spaced less than 12 inches around perimeter.
• ENTIRE PERIMETER. Even mid height.
• Must be within stirrups
Add stirrup areas and verify min. rqd: Min. Governs: Use larger value of
Min
NO

Select Stirrups:
Use value of 
Considering #3 & #4 bars
 Column Design
General
• Interaction Diagrams indicate failure envelopes that columns should stay within. (CERM Appendix 52.N)
• General breakdown of strain corresponding to points on interaction diagram  PPI little book (39 to 41) & MacGregor (510 & 516)

• Pertinent ACI Codes (See CERM 52-2 & section 6 small PPI book)
• ACI 10.9.1  Longitudinal reinforcement ratio must be:(
• Typically is between 1 to 3 percent for tied columns and 2.5 to 5 for spirals.
• ACI 7.6.6 & 12.14.2.2  Bundled bards to resist high axial loads
• ACI 10.9.2  Min. bars in a rectangle column is 4. Spiral columns need 6.
• ACI 7.7.1  Min. clear distance btw longitudinal bars Typ. governs at splice locations
• ACI 10.10.6.5  MINIMUM END MOMENT =

• Ties layouts: CERM 52-2 MacGregor (537)

• Categorized into SHORT (no sway) and long (sway-affected) columns
• ACI 10.10.1  permissible to neglect slenderness affect for columns braced against sidesway if “Slednerness ratio is
• or in unbraced structures
• K can be conservatively taken as 1.0.
• = unsupported height of column from top of floor to bottom of beam/slab
• r = radius of gyration.  can be taken as per ACI 10.10.1.2
•  ratio of moments at the two ends. is the larger moment. Values u
• Single curvature  is positive double curvature  is negative
 Short Column Design
General
• Reinforcement Splices  MacGregor (531 to 535)
• DERP
• Design for Small Eccentricity  when flexural effects can be neglected (CERM 52-3)

• Concentrically Loaded Tied Column  Axial Strength given by:

• ACI 10.3.6.1 & 10.3.6.2
• For tied columns 

• Design using Interaction Diagrams (CERM A-135 & MacGregor (1106)

• Example PPI small book (43) & MacGregor (539 is better)
 Slender Column Design
General
• ACI 318 requires a second-order analysis to account for P-delta affect with 1 of 3 approaches:
1. Nonlinear second-order analysis (too complex for routine calcs)
2. Elastic second-order analysis (too complex for routine calcs)
3. MOMENT MAGNIFICATION

• Moment Magnification: doesn’t need to be over 1.4 *(first order moment)

• Moment Magnification for BRACED/NON-SWAY frames (CERM 53-5 & PPI book (44) & MacGregor (581))

• Moment Magnification for UNBRACED/SWAY frames (see comprehensive design example MacGregor (610)
• Also see CERM 53-6 example & little PPI book (47)
 Column Design
Beam Column Joints (pg 953 Textbook)
 Development, Hooks, & Bar Cut-off 1.
Bar Development and Longitudinal Continuous Bars in Tension (Ch 9 ppi book & Ch 8 Textbook
• ACI 318 permits 3 ways for bars to develop in tension 2.
1. Straight embedment of the bar beyond the point of maximum stress
TWO WAYS TO CALCULATE
• ACI 318 Table 12.2.2 Gives development length for different clear cover and spacing scenarios.
• In the equations: 3.
• need not be > 1.7

EXPLAIN & Ktf TERMS

• Values given in the Table 12.2.2 can vary drastically from the results of Eqn ACI 318: 12-1.
• If you can’t get enough straight tension use Eqn. 12-1 to get a smaller

• Bundled Bars
 Development, Hooks, & Bar Cut-off 1.
Bar Development and Longitudinal Continuous Bars in Tension (Ch 9 ppi book & pg 381Textbook
• ACI 318 permits 3 ways for bars to develop in tension 2.
2. Hooked Anchorage ACI 318: 12.5
• Must meet minimum ACI 318: R12.5 dimensions to qualify a 90 or 180 degree hook.

3.
 Serviceability, Cracking, Structural Integrity, & Deflections
General Information (chapter 9 Textbook & Ch 4 Ppi book& some Ch1& ACI 318 Ch7.12&on).
• G

Bar Development and Longitudinal Continuous Bars (Ch 9 ppi book & Ch 8 Textbook
• ACI 7.13.2.2: perimeter beams shall have continuous reinforcement at columns
• At least 1/6th tension steel for negative moment. Not less than 2 bars
• At least 1/4 of tension steel for positive moment at mid-span. At least 2 bars
• Fir discontinuous supports: Use hooks to develop at face.

• Failure due
• d
 Walls, Foundations, & Footings
Walls and Retaining Walls (CERM 54,
• ACI 14.3  Minimum Reinforcement
• Retaining Wall design example on CERM 54-5.

Walls and Retaining Walls (CERM 54,

• Retaining Wall design example on CERM 54-5.
 Walls, Foundations, & Footings
Reinforced Concrete Footings (CERM 55, MacGregor (812)
• General Footing Information
• Designed in 2 steps
• 1) selecting the footing area  based on service soil pressure
• Bearing stress and Kern eccentricity threshold (MacGregor 819)
• 2) selecting ftg thickness & reinforcement  for shear & bending stresses

• Selecting the Footing Area  USE SERVICE LOADS

• Rectangular Footings

• Beware: There may be biaxial moments on columns. This adds an additional load on
the soil. If this happens, add another term with B & L switched.
• Wall Footings – MacGregor (827)

• Combined Footings (multiple columns on a rectangular footing) MacGregor (845)

• Do CERM Example Problem 55-7.