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Memory is the most essential part of a computer.
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Central Processing Unit
Control Output
Output
Input Unit
ALU
Devices Devices
Devices
Special
Purpose Cache Primary
Processors Memory Storage
Secondary
Storage
Devices
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TYPES OF MEMORY
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PRIMARY MEMORY OF MAIN MEMORY
Directly or indirectly connected to the CPU via a memory bus.
The CPU firstly sends a number through an address bus, a number called
memory address, that indicates the desired location of data. Then it reads or
writes the data itself using the data bus.
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This is a type of memory serves as Main Memory Of A
Computer.
It
temporarily stores copy of information and files loaded
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Dynamic RAM(DRAM)
A form of volatile memory which also requires the stored information
to be periodically re-read and re-written, or refreshed, otherwise it
would vanish.
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Its cells keep the data
valid until it receives an
additional signal.
It has a dual-pipeline
architecture that allows
the memory controller to
simultaneously read new
data while discharging
A pair of 32 MB EDO DRAM modules
the old.
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SDRAM has a synchronous
interface, meaning that it
waits for a signal before
responding to control
inputs and is therefore
synchronized with the
computer's system bus.
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This allows the chip to have a more complex
pattern of operation than asynchronous DRAM
which does not have a synchronized interface.
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It is a type of
synchronous DRAM,
designed by
the Rambus Corporation
It is fairly fast and has
tried to address some of
the complex electrical and
physical problems involved
with memory.
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Unlike SDRAM, it can do
two operations per
cycle thereby doubling
the memory bandwidth
over the corresponding
single-data-rate SDRAM
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• As it takes up more space than DRAM,
it is used for specialized applications.
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It performs only read function
not write function. So the
data stored in ROM cannot be
modified.
It comes with special internal
electronic fuses that can be
programmed for a specific
configuration.
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1. PROGRAMMABLE READ-ONLY MEMORY (PROM)
This device uses high voltages to
permanently destroy or create
internal links
(fuses or antifuses) within the
chip. Consequently, a PROM
can only be programmed once.
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2. ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ-
ONLY MEMORY (EEPROM)
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The whole idea of
memory cache is
to keep staging
more instructions
and data in a
high-speed memory
closer to the CPU.
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Disk caches are usually
just a part of main
memory made up of
common dynamic RAM
(DRAM) chips.
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This lesson includes the following sections:
• Categorizing Storage Devices
• Magnetic and Optical Storage Devices
• Average Access Time
• File Compression
• Data-Transfer Rate
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Categorizing Storage Devices
• The computer file system we have discussed must be
stored somewhere.
• Hard disks
• Compact disk
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Magnetic Storage Devices
- How Magnetic Storage Works
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Formatted Disk
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Magnetic Storage Devices - Disk Areas
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Magnetic Storage Devices - Disk Capacities
• Hard disks store large amounts of data. New PCs
feature hard disks with capacities of 10 GB and
higher.
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Optical Storage Devices –
How Optical Storage Works
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1 0
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Optical Storage Devices –
CD-ROM
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Optical Storage Devices –
CD-ROM Speeds and Uses
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Optical Storage Devices - DVD-ROM
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Optical Storage Devices - Other
Optical Storage Devices
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Average Access Time
• In storage devices, average access time (or seek
time) is the time required for a read/write head to
move to a spot on the storage medium.
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File Compression
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Data-Transfer Rate
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Hard Disk Fragmentation