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Learning Objectives:

‡What is METAL?
‡Different Types of Metals ² Ferrous, Non-Ferrous, Alloys
‡Main focus of Ferrous Metals
‡Properties of Metals
‡Characteristics of Ferrous Metals with examples
‡Advantages/Disadvantages of Ferrous Metals
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‡Metals are« Solid at room temperature, except
mercury, which is liquid !

‡Metals have« very high melting point.

‡Metals are« shiny when they cut.

‡Metals are« good conductors of heat and electricity.

‡Metals are« usually strong & malleable so they can be

hammered into shape.
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Ferrous Non-Ferrous Alloys
Containing iron & Do not contain iron. A mixture of
almost all are e.g. aluminium, metals, or a
magnetic. copper, silver, gold, metal & small
e.g. mild-steel, lid, tin etc. amount of
cast-iron, tool- other substance
Steel etc.

Ferrous Alloys Non-Ferrous Alloys

e.g. e.g. brass (copper + zinc)
stainless steel bronze (copper + tin )
steel + chromium
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METALS & ALLOYS
Metals are available in pure or alloy form.

Pure Metals such as pure aluminium or pure copper, contain

only one type of metal. They are not mixed with any other
metal.

Alloys are mixture of two or more pure metals.

Alloys tend to have better strength properties than pure

metals.

Alloys and pure metals often have special physical

properties.
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 . Strength - The ability of a material to stand up to forces
being applied without it bending, breaking, shattering
or deforming in any way.

2. Elasticity - The ability of a material to absorb force and

flex in different directions, returning to its original
position.

3. Plasticity - The ability of a material to be change in

shape permanently.

4. Ductility - The ability of a material to change shape

(deform) usually by stretching along its length.
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. Tensile Strength ² The ability of a material to stretch
without breaking or snapping.

6. Malleability - The ability of a material to be reshaped in

all directions without cracking.

7. Toughness - A characteristic of a material that does

not break or shatter when receiving a blow or under a
sudden shock.

8. Conductivity - The ability of a material to conduct

electricity.
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o. Hardness ² The ability of a material to resist scratching,
wear and tear & indentation.
 
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 . Mild Steel
homposition: ‰ron alloy with 0.3% carbon
Properties: Malleable and ductile, and therefore bends fairly easily
Uses: nuts, bolts, screws, tubes etc.

Methods of ‰dentification

Appearance: Bright drawn mild steel has a smooth, bright surface;

black mild steel is covered with a blue-grey oxide
Dropping: Gives out a ringing note
Grinding: Gives off a shower of long white sparks
Effect of Heating: Slightly tougher but little change
 
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2. Tool Steel / cast steel / carbon steel
homposition: ‰ron alloy with 0.%- .% carbon
Properties: Tough rather than hard, and fairly ductile
Uses: Springs and most tools such as hammer heads, drills, chisels,
shears etc

Methods of ‰dentification

Appearance: Has a smooth skin of black oxide

Dropping: Gives out a high ringing note
Grinding: Moderate number of red sparks
Effect of Heating: Becomes hard and brittle
 
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3. cast iron

homposition: ‰ron alloy with 2%-4% carbon

Properties: Brittle, snaps before it will bend. Strong in compression
Uses: Vices, cylinder blocks for car engines, frames for most
machines

Methods of ‰dentification

Appearance: Grey with a granular surface

Dropping: gives out a dull note
Grinding: Gives off a few dull sparks
Effect of Heating: No change
  

 

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 . High strength to weight ratio
it minimise the substructures cost, which beneficial in poor ground
condition. E.g. The Newark Dyke Rail Bridge ² comprises 77 meter
long,   .2 meter wide bowstring with 820 tonnes of S3 steel.
This bridge use ‰MD (‰nteractive Model Technique) ² reduced the
time required to assess the dynamic response of the structure.
This bridge was the first UK steel bridge to be designed for the next
generation of 22 km/hr trains.
  

 

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2. High quality material
readily available worldwide in various certificate grades.

3. Speed of construction

4. Versatility
steel suits range of construction methods & sequences.

. Modification & repair

6. Recycling

7. Durability

8. Aesthetics
steel has a broad architectural possibilities.
 

 

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 . Costly waste
2. High cost of final finishing & polishing
3. Environmental issue
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‡ Metal
‡ Different types of metals ² ferrous, non-ferrous, alloy
‡ Properties of metals
Strength
Elasticity
Plasticity
ductility
tensile strength
malleability
toughness
conductivity
hardness
‡ Examples of ferrous metals, uses, methods of identification
‡ Advantages
‡ Disadvantages
‡ Homework