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We need some
branch
connections
TERMINAL CONNECTIONS.
So far this is a nice arrangement.
But there is no control over the flow from Tank-1 to other
tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop the flow if
needed
Expansion Joint
Manufacturers
Association (EJMA)
Not
Preferable
Preferable
While carrying out pipe routing we also need to consider the following
Valves, strainers, instruments on the pipe should be easily accessible.
If needed separate ACCESS PLATFORMS to be provided to facilitate these.
Desired location and orientation of valves / instruments and other pipe components are
to be checked and maintained, like some valves or strainers can only be installed in
horizontal position.
Specific requirements for instrument installation to be checked, like temperature gauge
can not be installed in pipe which is less than 4 inch in size.
Specific requirements of STRAIGHT LENGTH of pipe for some components to be
maintained, like for flow orifice we need to provide 15 times diameter straight pipe
length at upstream of orifice and 5 times diameter straight at down stream of orifice.
Th Ta Th Ta Th Ta 1
H Rl Rs
Rl Rs H H h
tk
Rl t k Rl .k
k
PIPE MATERIAL SELECTION - to select appropriate pipe material based on flowing fluid property.
Find out type Find out Fluid Check Pipe Select suitable Check Mat. YES Pipe
of Fluid flowing Temp. & life Material per Listed in Design Material
Pressure Expectancy practice (Note-1) Code OK
NO
Note-1 : Material is selected per past experience with cost in mind and per material
listed in design code. If material is not listed in code we may select next
suitable material listed.
See Note-1
PIPE SIZING CALCULATION - to select required pipe diameter based on velocity and pressure drop.
Find out Flow Check Velocity Calc. flow area Calc. Press. Check Press. YES Pipe
volume per Allowable per required and Drop for that Drop meets Size OK
second second Pipe size Pipe size Press. Budget
NO
Increase
Pipe Size
\
PIPE THICKNESS SELECTION - to select appropriate pipe thickness based on flowing fluid property.
Select Mat. & Find out Fluid Decide on Calc. Pipe
Diameter as Temp. & Corrosion Thickness per
above Pressure allowance Code
Batasan Operasi
• Ada dua batasan untuk penentuan DIAMETER PIPA:
1. Kecepatan gas 10 – 60 fps (umumnya, rinciannya lihat API
RP 14E)
2. Jatuh tekanan
Penentuan Kecepatan Gas MAKSIMUM
• Penentuan DIAMETER PIPA sangat dipengaruhi oleh
KECEPATAN GAS
• Batas maksimum kecepatan gas: kecepatan yang menyebabkan
terjadinya erosi pada pipa atau disebut EROSIONAL VELOCITY
(ve) menggunakan API RP 14E untuk layanan kontinyu:
100
ve
G0.5
• Erosi pipa terjadi jika kecepatan gas melebihi ve
• Kecepatan gas yang direkomendasikan: 40 – 50% dari ve
(Mohitpouret al., 2002)
Kecepatan Minimum
• Jika mungkin, kecepatan minimum pada jaringan dua
fasa (gas-cair): 10 fps
• Tujuan: meminimisasi pembentukan lumpur pada
peralatan separasi
• Hal ini penting khususnya pada jaringan pipa panjang
dengan perubahan ketinggian
Q
P s
SG 0.4603
Ta Z a L 0.5397 G 0.0793
c) Hitung erosional velocity (ve)—sebagai batas maksimum kecepatan gas melalui pipa—
menggunakan persamaan API RP 14E untuk layanan kontinyu: ve = 100/(G)0.5 (ingat
rumus PaVG=nRTaZa)
P T
d) Hitung kecepatan gas (vG) menggunakan laju alir aktual: Qa Q s a Z a
Pa Ts
Apakah diameter pipa yang didapatkan memenuhi kriteria ve > vG?
Jawaban
Q 25.7MMSCFD 25700000CFD
Ta 90oF 550.67oR
P1 425psia
DP 9psia
P2 416psia
L 8280ft 1.568182mil
SG 0.7
Za 0.925
MWudara 28.96
R 10.731
E 1
Pa 420.5psia
Ts 15oC 59oF 519.67oR
Ps 1atm 14.7psia
D 11.847inch ==> PILIH NPS 12 SCH 40 ID 11.938INCH
MWgas 20.272
rho G = massa G/Vol G
= Pa.Mwgas/(RTZ)
1.560lb/cft
ve 80.1fps
Qa 880589.2574cfd 10.19201cfs
vG =4Qa/(pi.D^2)
13.1fps < ve OK
Kode dan Standar Pipa (US)
1. ASME B31.1, Power Piping ~ governs piping in the power industries
(e.g., power plants).
2. ASME B31.2, Fuel Gas Piping.
3. ASME B31.3, Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping ~ governs
piping systems used in the chemical and petroleum industry.
4. ASME B31.4, Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping Systems ~ governs
liquid hydrocarbons and other liquids in pipeline systems.
5. ASME B31.5, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Exchanger Components.
6. ASME B31.7, Nuclear Piping was withdrawn after two editions and the
respon-sibility was assumed by ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Subsections
NA, NB, NC, and ND
Kode dan Standar Pipa (US)
7. ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems ~
governs gas pipelines.
8. ASME B31.8S, Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines is a
recently published book
9. ASME B31.9, Building Services Piping.
10.ASME B31.11, Slurry Piping Systems is another transportation
pipeline code that mostly applies to buried piping systems that
transport slurries
11.ASME B31.12, Hydrogen Piping System—this is a new code. It is
in the final stages of first development
BIAYA SISTEM PERPIPAAN
1. Bahan 30%
2. Fittings 10%
3. Installation labor 25%
4. Installation equipment 10%
5. Supports 10%
6. P&G 10%
7. Others 5%
Miranda & Lopez, 2011. “Piping Design: The Fundamentals”. Presented at “Short Course on
Geothermal Drilling, Resource Development and Power Plants”, organized by UNU-GTP
and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 16-22, 2011.
In Power plant there are some piping which carries steam at high pressure and
temperature. And also there are piping which carries water at High pressure. These pipes
carries the main cycle steam and water of the steam power plant.
These pipelines are call the CRITICAL PIPING.
Very special care are taken for design of these piping.
First the pipe material selection for such piping is very important as it has to withstand
the high pressure and may be also high temperature.
As these pipes carry the main system fluid of the power plant, they are given the right of
way, and routed at beginning of the overall plant layout.
Steam pipes run at very high temperature and the hot pipes expand. We have to built in
flexibility in the high temperature pipe routing so that the expansion force is absorbed
within the piping.
Also there should be enough flexibility in these pipe routing so that high loads are not
transferred to the nozzles of Turbine or Pumps
There are many recognized international codes which lay down guide lines and mandatory
requirements for design of such piping.
The most important codes used by power plant piping engineers are
ASME ANSI B31.1- Power Piping Code & IBR - the Indian Boiler Regulation
Pipe Stress Analysis
We have already seen that some of the pipes are subjected to high pressure and high
temperature. Also pipes carry the load of the flowing fluid.
We need to check and confirm the pipe is not going to fail with these loading.
This process of checking the stress developed in the piping due to various loading is called
Pipe Stress Analysis/Flexibility analysis.
In the process of Analysis we apply various postulated loading on the pipe and find out the
stress resulted from these loading.
Then we check with governing codes if those stresses generated are acceptable or not.
Rigid Support
Rigid Hanger
There are two types of spring support
Variable load type, here support load
changes as the pipe moves.
Constant load support, the load Dynamic Support,
remains constant within some range Snubber
of movement.
Rigid Support
Some Special Considerations for Piping
When pipes are routed UNDER GROUND (Buried) following points to be kept in mind:
Minimum pipe size to be routed under ground shall be not less than1 inch.
Avoid flange joint in U/G piping.
Keep in mind if pipe leaks U/G, it will be difficult to detect, so avoid U/G routing of pipe carrying
hazardous fluid.
Pipe to be laid below Frost Zone at areas where ambient temperature goes below freezing.
U/G, Buried piping should be properly protected from corrosion.
Pipe may be properly wrapped and coated to prevent corrosion.
Or U/G piping be protected by using Cathodic protection.
Freeze Protection of outdoor Piping:
In the areas where the ambient temperature goes below freezing there is a possibility that the liquid content of pipe
may freeze while the plant is under shut down.
For similar case pipes are wrapped with heat tracing elements to maintain the content temperature above freezing
(around 4 deg. C) even when the ambient temp. is below freezing.
Electric Heat tracing is done by wrapping electric coil around pipe, which turns on as the ambient temperature goes
down. Pipes are insulated over the heat tracing coils.
Heat tracing can also be done by winding Steam tubes around main pipes.
Jenis Pipa
1. Pipa tanpa sambungan (tanpa sambungan
pengelasan)
2. Pipa denga sambungan
Bahan Pipa (Umum)
1. Carbon steel
2. Carbon moly
3. Galvanees
4. Ferro nikel
5. Stainless steel
6. PVC
7. Chromen moly
Bahan Pipa (Khusus)
1. Viber glass
2. Alumunium
3. Wrought iron (besi tanpa tempa)
4. Copper (tembaga)
5. Red brass (kuningan merah)
6. Nickel copper = monel (timah tembaga)
7. Nickel chrome iron = inconel (tembaga timah krom)
Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan MATERIALnya
1. Pipa logam
– Pipa besi tuang
– Ductile cost iron pipe (DCIP)
– Galvanized iron pipe (GIP)
– Cast iron pipe (CIP)
– Pipa logam campuran (metal/alloy)
Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan MATERIALnya
2. Pipa non logam
– Pipa beton (tanpa tulangan, dengan
tulangan)
– Pipa PVC (poly vinyl chloride)
– Pipa fiber glass (GRP = Glass fiber
reinforced pipe)
– Pipa asbes semen
– Pipa PE (poly ethylene)
Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan Bentuk Melintangnya
• Pipa bulat → ○
Digunakan untuk air minum
• Pipa bulat telur (elips) → 0
Digunakan untuk air buangan
Jenis-jenis Pipa:
Berdasarkan Bentuk Ujungnya
• Flanged end pipe (pipa ujung flens)
Terbuat dari baja dan memiliki diameter yang besar.
• Bell and plain pipe (pipa ujung bell dan spigot)
Biasanya jenis PVC (poly vinyl chloride) atau DCIP (ductile
cost iron pipe).
• Screwed end pipe (pipa ujung ulir)
Biasanya jenis GIP (galvanized iron pipe) dan memiliki
diameter yang kecil.
• Double plain end pipe (pipa ujung rata)
– Ujung rata biasa
– Ujung rata dengan lidah
– Ujung rata dengan takikan
Seamless Drawing Steel Pipe Seamless Brown Pipe Lap Welded Steel Pipe
fLu 2 ud
hf Re
2 gd
Re = Reynold number
= densitas fluida (kg/m3)
f = faktor friksi dari grafik d = diameter dalam pipa (m)
L = panjang pipa (m) µ = Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
u = kecepatan aliran melalui pipa (m/s)
g = gravitasi, 9.81 m/s2
d = diameter dalam pipa (m)
Estimation of friction factor
The absolute roughness of pipes
Contoh 2
• Pipa dengan diameter 4” (100 mm) mengalirkan alir
dengan laju alir 50 m3/jam sepanjang 100 m. Bahan
pipanya cast iron dengan kekasaran absolutnya 0.26 mm
• Hitung heat loss-nya
Jawaban
Q 50
u 1.77 m/s
A 36003.14 0.1 / 4
2
hf
fLu
2
0.025100 1.77
2
4 m per 100 m pipa
2 gd 29.810.1
Minor Loss
Coefficient
2
ku
hmin or loss
2g
Pressure
Drop
Tekanan Rata-rata
2 P1 P2
Pa P1 P2
3 P1 P2
Jaringan B
Pipe Sizing Rules of Thumb
NO Type of LIne Pressure Drop (psi/100 ft) Velocity (fps)
Average Maximum
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Pemodelan Pipa Distribusi dengan
PIPESIM
Pilih “NEW Network”
Setup: Unit dan Komposisi
Drag: Source, Junction dan Sink
Pipa Percabangan (Branch)
Setup Komposisi
Blok komponen
Klik
Setup SOURCE
Suhu
Tekanan
Laju alir
Trial 1: Panjang dan ID Pipa
RUN (Harus Disimpan Dulu)
Hasil Simulasi
Terlalu tinggi
karena PIPA terlalu
KECIL
Trial 2: Diameter Pipa
OK
Trial 3: Panjang Pipa Maksimum
• Panjang Maks: 50 km (kecepatan < 60 fps)
Plot Penurunan Tekanan
TUGAS 2
Berdasarkan gambar jaringan pipa gas:
1. Hitung diameter pipa jaringan gas sesuai dengan tekanan
operasinya: CS (menengah)
2. Jenis pipa PE dengan SDR berapa yang seharusnya digunakan?
Kenapa?
3. Hitung panjang maksimum pipa
4. Hitung kapasitas maksimum pipa
Gunakan ketiga software (Pipesim, Pipeline Toolbox dan Pipe
Flow Expert)
Data pipa PE dapat menggunakan “hdpe-pipe-specifications”
JARINGAN GAS
700m Jaringan A
P = 2 Barg
Tapping Point
(Titik Pasikan Gas)
P = 10 Barg
F = 3.25 MMSCFD
500m
P = 2 Barg
Tapping Point
(Titik Pasikan Gas)
P = 6 Barg Jaringan B
F = 2.37 MMSCFD