Professional Documents
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IN SURFACE MINES
Dump foundation
– Foundation competence
– Foundation inclination
– Effective friction
Spoil material characteristics
– Cohesion and friction angle
– Specific weight of spoil material
– Moisture content
Dump height – dump slope relationship
Material segregation
Dump Foundation
While designing dumps a proper assessment of dump foundation is
of paramount importance covering following three aspects
– Foundation competence: it refers to its mechanical strength
parameters, particularly the shear strength parameters.
– Foundation inclination: it is of a major concern from the point
of view dump stability.
The maximum safe dump, foundation inclination may be
calculated from following equation.
Tan α = tan θ / F
Where
α= maximum safe dump foundation inclination .
θ= minimum effective friction of dump material.
F= minimum factor of safety desired.
(Generally a minimum factor of safety of 1.3 is recommended).
- Effective friction between the dump floor and the dump.
Spoil material characteristics
It includes spoil composition and physico-mechanical
properties.
In terms of material composition, a dump may classify as
rock type, soil or mixed type.
Cohesion and friction angle are two most important
properties of spoil material.
– In case of rock type dump the stability is mainly controlled by
the effective friction angle of the spoil material, whereas in
case of soil type both the cohesion and friction angle play
important role.
Specific weight: It has been found that when all other
parameters remain constant, the increasing specific weight
of material causes decrease in factor of safety.
Moisture content: Increasing moisture content beyond
optimum moisture content affects both cohesion and friction
angle adversely decreases the dump stability.
Dump Height – Dump Slope Relationship
If the dump slope is less than or equal to the effective
friction angle, the dump remains stable for any height.
If the slope angle is increased beyond the effective friction
angle, the height must be controlled.
As the slope increases the dump height must be reduced
an order to achieve the dump stability.
Material segregation
When different types (from the point of view of shear
strength) of material are to be accommodated in the same
dump, it is preferable to segregate the different types of
material.
STABILITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE
Stability of a waste dump, as in case of any slope is
assessed in terms of factors of safety.
Waste dump is composed of broken materials a circular
failure is apprehended.
So, for factor of safety, a circular failure analysis is carried
out in using bishops’ simplified method.
F=∑ {Cn *bn+( Wn+ Un bn tan θn) / (cos αn + tan θn*sin αn) / F} /
∑( Wn sin αn)
Where ,
F= factors of safety
Cn=cohesion acting at the base of n-th slice
bn=width of n-th slice
Wn=weight of n-th slice
Un =water pressure acting at the base of the n-th slice
θn=effective friction angle acting at the base of n-th slice
αn= inclination (w.r.t.horizontal) of the base of n-th slice.
DUMP DESIGN METHOD
Identification of all the possible locations of dump site
which are located away from drainage lines and natural
waterways.
All these sites are checked for foundation competency.
Only those sites which are found to have acceptable
foundation competence are then subjected to assessment
for environmental acceptability.
In the next step, the maximum volume of waste material
that can be accommodated in each of the sites
(environment acceptable locations only) considered is
determined.
Then followed by evaluating all the finally available sites in
terms of some economic criteria for dump formation (e.g.
ton-km) and dump maintenance.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Glossop, 1968
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