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Pupuk dan Pemupukan

Dadang Gusyana
Regional Agronomist SEA and Sales Support
Agricultural – Rio Tinto Minerals

02 April 2018 Presentation Title 1


Silabus…
1. Pengertian tujuan, dan manfaat pupuk &
pemupukan
2. Klasifikasi pupuk berdasarkan tingkat kimia, sifat
& ciri pupuk alam & buatan.
3. Reaksi pupuk dalam tanah
4. Faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi pemupukan
5. Dasar pertimbangan dalam pemupukan
6. Metode pemberian pupuk, tujuan ekonomi dan
dampak pemupukan.
7. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktifitas
tanah dan hubungannya dengan produktivitas
tanaman.
Pupuk, Pemupukan dan Ilmu
Pemupukan …
Bahan/Unsur-unsur dalam bentuk senyawa
Kimia Organik maupun
Pengaplikasian bahan/unsur-unsur
anorganik yang berguna untuk tanah &
kimia organik maupun anorganik
nutrisi tanaman
yang ditujukan untuk memperbaiki
kondisi kimia tanah dan mengganti
kehilangan unsur hara dalam tanah
Ilmu yang bertujuan menyelidiki zat-zat
serta bertujuan untuk memenuhi
yang perlu ditambahkan kedalam tanah
guna pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kebutuhan unsur hara bagi tanaman

tanaman agar dapat berproduksi secara sehingga dapat meningkatkan


optimal. produktifitas tanaman.

02 April 2018 Presentation Title 3


5 Tepat Pemupukan
1. Tepat Jenis Jenis pupuk disesuaikan dengan unsur hara yg
dibutuhkan tanaman.
2. Tepat Dosis  Pemberian pupuk harus tepat takarannya,
disesuaikan dgn jumlah unsur hara yg dibutuhkan tanaman
pada setiap fase pertumbuhan tanaman.
3. Tepat Waktu  Harus sesuai dgn masa kebutuhan hara pd setiap
fase/umur tanaman, dan kondisi iklim/cuaca (misal : (a)
pemupukan yg baik jika ilakukan di awal musim penghujan
atau akhir musim kemarau, (b) pengaplikasian PPC sebaiknya
dilakukan pada pagi hari sebelum jam 11 siang)
4. Tepat Cara  Cara pengaplikasian pupuk disesuaikan dengan
bentuk fisik pupuk, pola tanam, kondisi lahan dan sifat2 fisik ,
kimia tanah & biologi tanah.
5. Tepat Sasaran  Pemupukan harus tepat pada sasaran yg ingin
dipupuk, misal; (1) Jika yg ingin dipupuk adalah tanaman, maka
pemberian pupuk harus berada didalam radius daerah
perakaran tanaman, dan sebelum dilakukan pemupukan maka
areal pertanaman harus bersih dari gulma-gulma pengganggu.
(2) Jika pemupukan ditujukan untuk tanah, maka aplikasinya
dilakukan pada saat pengolahan tanah, dan berdasarkan pada
hasil analisa kondisi fisik & kimia tanah.

02 April 2018 Presentation Title 4


Kenapa dipupuk? 1. Tanah yg kimia kaya dan fisik baik.
Biasanya pd tanah pegunungan,
contohnya; tanah andosol, &
chernocen

Produktivitas tanah semakin 2. Tanah yg kimia kaya tetapi sifat fisik


jelek.
Tanah ini umumnya berwarna abu-abu
lama sampai merah, hal ini menunjukkan
kandungan bahan organik dan liat yg
cukup tinggi. Misal pada tanah
akan semakin menurun, Gromosol (di Jawa Tengah & Jawa
Timur)
sbg akibat dari faktor-faktor : 3. Tanah yg kimia miskin tetapi sifat fisik
baik.
1. Usaha budidaya pertanian. Pd umumnya, tanah berwarna merah
sampai coklat, terbentuk pada
daerah2 dgn pencucian tinggi sbg
2. Pengikisan top soil akibat curah hujan yg tinggi. Cth;
tanah Lanosol (Jawa Barat).

3. Pencemaran lingkungan 4. Tanah yg kimia miskin & fisiknya


jelek.
Sebagian besar tanah2 di Indonesia
4. Bencana alam (60%). Cth : tanah PMK (Podsolik
Merah Kuning), dan cocok untuk
komoditas perkebunan seperti karet,
5. Pengaruh Iklim kelapa sawit, & HTI

1. Faktor genetis tanaman (varietas, daya hasil, dll).


2. Faktor lingkungan (cuaca, sistim pengairan, perkembangan HPT, dll).
3. Faktor Tanah (Sifat fisik, kimia dan biologi tanah).
02 April 2018 Presentation Title 5
C 47%
90% O2
CO2
H 7% Air
O 44% 10% Bhn
Kering H2O
N 0,2-2%

NO3- NH4+ Fe3+


Mn2+
K+2+
H2O
Bo33-
H2PO4-
O2 MoO42-
HPO4-
Mg2+
Ca2+ Co2+
SO4- Cl- Zn2+
Pemupukan Sawit

02 April 2018 Presentation Title 7


Ada sekitar 14 unsur esensial yg diperoleh tanaman dari tanah
UNSUR HARA Ca dan Mg diberikan ke tanah berbentuk kapur.
Unsur hara makro yg paling sering bermasalah adalah N, P, K
Ketiga unsur hara ini lazim disebut sebagai UNSUR PUPUK

KESEIMBANGAN HARA
Unsur hara N, P, K bila dipakai secara tepat, akan mampu
mengendalikan, mengimbangi, mendukung dan mengisi satu-
sama-lain, serta berpengaruh baik thd unsur hara lainnya.
Unsur hara pupuk yg diberikan seyogyanya merupakan
tambahan bagi unsur yg sudah ada dalam tanah, sehingga
keseimbangan hara tanah dapat menunjang pertumbuhan
tanaman yg baik.

TIGA KELOMPOK BAHAN PUPUK


1. Pembawa nitrogen
2. Pembawa fosfat tersedia
3. Pembawa kalium larut air.
Pupuk N juga disebut dengan istilah AMONIAT, ada dua
PEMBAWA kelompok, yaitu:
NITROGEN 1. ORGANIK
2. ANORGANIK

PEMBAWA NITROGEN ORGANIK


Pupuk organik harus mengalami aminisasi, amonifikasi, dan nitrifikasi
sebelum nitrogennya tersedia bagi tanaman.
Pupuk organik secara lambat dan berangsur-angsur membebaskan
nitrogen sepanjang musim tanaman.

Pupuk organik Sumber Persentase N

Darah kering Rumah Potong Hewan 8 - 12


Sisa daging RPH 5 -10 (3-13% P2O5)
Tepung daging RPH 10-11 (1-5% P2O5)
Sisa ikan kering Pengolahan ikan 6 - 10 (4-8% P2O5)
Tepung biji kapas Ampas 6-9 (2-3% P2O5; 1-2% K2O)
Batang tembakau Sisa 1.5 - 3.5 (4-9% K2O)
Tepung tembakau Ampas 5 - 7 (2% P2O5, 1% K2O)
Tepung coklat Ampas 3.5 - 4.5
Sekam padi Ampas 1.0

Sumber: Nelson, 1965


Pertimbangan Umum:
PEMBAWA NITROGEN Pupuk N anorganik dapat dibuat dari N2
ANORGANIK atmosfer dengan teknologi sintetik yang
semakin maju.

Pupuk Rumus Kimia Persentase


Nitrogen

Natrium nitrat NaNO3 16


Ammonium sulfat (NH4)2SO4 21
Amonium nitrat NH4NO3 33
Amonium nitrat gamping NH4NO3 dan dolomit 20
Urea CO(NH2)2 42 - 45
Kalsium sianamida CaCN2 22
Amonia cair NH3 cair 82
Larutan amonia NH4OH encer 20-25
Amofos NH4H2PO4 11 (48% P2O5)
Diamonium fosfat (NH4)2HPO4 21(53% P2O5)
Gas amonia dibuat dari unsur-unsurnya, Hidrogen dan nitrogen:

N2 + 3H2 ------------------------ 2 NH3

AMONIA Penggunaannya:
1. Dg menggunakan tekanan tinggi dapat dicairkan menjadi amonia
NH3 cair
2. Dapat dilarutkan dlm air menjadi NH4OH
3. Gas amonia dipakai untuk pembuatan pupuk lain

Bagan pembuatan pupuk Nitrogen:


+ NH3 Am. Nitrat 33% N

HNO3 Na2CO3 Na-nitrat 16% N


+ Batu fosfat Nitrofosfat 12- 20% N
+O2
+ H2SO4 Am. Sulfat 21% N

NH3 + H3PO4 Am. Fosfat 11-21% N

+ CO2 Urea 45% N

+NH4NO3, +Urea, + H2O Larutan N 27-53% N

+ H2O Larutan amonia 20% N


AMONIUM SULFAT
PUPUK Banyak digunakan oleh petani di Indoensia
NITROGEN Dapat digunakan untuk membuat pupuk majemuk
Ion NH4+ dalam kondisi aerobik dapat mengalami nitrifikasi
Pada sawah NH4+ bereaksi dengan koloid tanah, shg tdk tercuci
Pada tanah alkalis memberikan hasil yang memuaskan

Natrium & AMONIUM NITRAT


Amonium nitrat mengandung ion NH4+ dan NO3-
Pemberiannya sebaiknya dlm bentuk pelet, unt mengurangi sifat
higroskopis
MUDAH MELEDAK BILA TERJADI KEBAKARAN

UREA
Reaksi pembuatannya:

2NH3 + CO2 NH2COONH4 NH2CONH2 + H2O


SUPERFOSFAT
Kandungan fosfatnya 16-21%, dibuat dengan jalan
PUPUK
menambahkan asam sulfat kepada batu fosfat.
FOSFAT
Ca3(PO4)2 + 2H2SO4 Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2CaSO4 + kotoran
CaHPO4

Superfosfat biasa
( 20% P2O5)

+ H2SO4 Pupuk majemuk

Batu +H2SO4 or H3PO4 +NH3 NH4-fosfat (20-54% P2O5)


Fosfat tanur listrik 54% P2O5

TSP (42-50% P2O5)

+ HNO3 + NH3 Nitrofosfat (11-35% P2O5)


SP : Super Phosphate
PUPUK
TSP : Triple Super Phosphate
FOSFAT

Pupuk Bentuk Kimiawi Kadar P2O5 tersedia (%) Persen P

Superfosfat Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaHPO4 15-50 7 - 22

Superfosfat NH4H2PO4
amoniat CaHPO4
Ca3(PO4)2 16-18 (3-4%N) 7-8
(NH4)2SO4

Amofos NH4H2PO4 48 (11% N) 21

Amonium-polifosfat (NH4)4P2O7 & lainnya 58-60 (12-15%N) 26-27

Diamonium fosfat (NH4)2HPO4 53 (21% N) 23

Sampah tanur baja (CaO)5.P2O5.SiO2 15-25 7-11

Batu fosfat Fluor atau Klor Apatit 25-30 11 - 13


Ca-metafosfat Ca(PO4)2 62-63 27-28
Asam superfosfat H3PO4 dan H4P2O7 76 33
Pupuk fosfat dapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan
Klasifikasi ketersediaan fosfatnya.
Pupuk Fosfat FOSFAT TERSEDIA: Fosfat yang segera dapat diserap
tanaman dan merangsang pertumbuhan tanaman

KLASIFIKASI PUPUK FOSFAT

1. Larut dalam air Ca(H2PO4)2


NH4 H2PO4
K H2PO4 Fosfat tersedia
2. Larut dlm sitrat:
15% amonium sitrat CaHPO4
atau 2% asam sitrat

3. Tidak larut Tepung tulang Fosfat tidak tersedia

Batuan fosfat
Bahan dasar pupuk kalium adalah hasil
PUPUK tambang garam kalium (klorida dan
KALIUM sulfat) yang terdapat di Jerman, Perancis
dan USA.

BAHAN PUPUK KALIUM

Pupuk Rumus Kimia Persentase Kalium

Kalium klorida KCl 48-60


Kalium Sulfat K2SO4 48-50
Kalium-magnesium sulfatK dan Mg sulfat 20-30
(25% MgSO4 )
Kainit KCl sebagian besar 12-16
Kalium Nitrat KNO3 44( 13% N)
Abu kayu K2CO3 sebagian besar 3-7 (1-2% P)
Abu ampas tebu An-organik 30
Abu sabut kelapa An-organik 30
Sekam padi Organik 2
PUPUK
MIKRO

Garam-garam unsur mikro yg lazim untuk pupuk

Tembaga sulfat CuSO4 25-35% Cu


Tembaga sulfat basa CuSO4. 3Cu(OH)2 13-53% Cu
Tembaga karbonat (basa)CuCO3. Cu(OH)2 57 % Cu
Seng sulfat ZnSO4 23 - 35% Zn
Seng sulfat basa ZnSO4.4 Zn(OH)2 55% Zn
Mangan sulfat MnSO4 23 % Mn
Mangan sulfat basa MnSO4. MnO 40-49 % Mn
Natrium Borat Na2B4O7 34-44% B2O3
Fero sulfat FeSO4 20% Fe
Feri sulfat Fe2(SO4)3 17% Fe
Natrium molibdat Na2MoO4 37-39% Mo
.
PUPUK PUPUK CAMPURAN = PUPUK MAJEMUK = pupuk yang
MAJEMUK mengandung lebihdari satu macam unsur hara esensial N, P, K
PUPUK LENGKAP = pupuk yang mengandung unsur hara N, P,
K

PENAMPILAN FISIK PUPUK

Umumnya bersifat lepas, sehingga mudah ditabur ke tanah


Pupuk tidak mudah menggumpal dan mengeras
Cara menghindarkan penggumpalan:
1. Pupuk disimpan dalam kantong kedap air
2. Pupuk dicampur dengan bahan yang dapat menyerap air
3. Membuat pupuk berbentuk pelet

PENGARUH PUPUK thd pH TANAH

Kebanyakan pupuk majemuk cenderung mengasamkan tanah


Pengaruh utama adalah karena NH4+ mengalami nitrifikasi:

NH4+ + 2 O2 2H+ + NO3- + H2O


Yield response curve:
The curve below describes
the crop response to
fertilizers application

Zone A - Too low fertilizers


application which results
in nutrient deficiencies and
lower yields
Zone B - Adequate
fertilizers application
results in maximum
efficiency and the highest
profitability.
Zone C - Over
fertilization where yield is
not affected but fertilizers
are wasted.
Zone D - Excessive
fertilizers application
which results in decreased
yields, toxicities and
salinity damages

Sumber: www.smart-
fertilizer.com/tips-and-info
Careful adjustment of fertilizer application to plant needs and
timing for maximum growth benefit.
www.kalkaskacounty.net/planninge...0020.asp
Fertilizer application in this manner is called "banding," as opposed to
"broadcasting" over entire field.
Sumber: cals.arizona.edu/extension/susta...sic.html
FERTILIZER PLACEMENT
Potassium fertilizers have
been recently used as much
as nitrogen and phosphorus
fertilizers and therefore much
research work has been done
concerning their placement.
Placement of potassium
fertilizer with the seed has
appeared to be the most
effective method of
application provided the rate
of application is not greater
than the seed can tolerate.

Sumber:
159.226.205.16/curriculum/3w
/02/...dex.html
Recommended fertilizer application for transplanted Japonica rice
with growth duration of 150−155 days.
Sumber: www.irri.org/irrc/SSNM/country%2...rice.htm
Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM)
for Manual Transplanted Rice in Jiangsu Province, China

Single Japonica rice: 150−155 days growth duration (from seed to


harvest)

SSNM is a plant-based approach for ‘feeding’ a rice crop with nutrients as


needed. SSNM includes the following features:

1. Applying sufficient P and K within 14 days after transplanting (DAT)


to meet crop needs.
2. Applying only a moderate amount of fertilizer N before active
tillering.
3. Applying fertilizer N at tillering and later growth stages based on the
needs of the crop for supplemental N as determined with a leaf color
chart (LCC).
4. Applying fertilizer K at panicle initiation based on crop needs.
5. Using micronutrients based on local recommendations.
The Scientific Basis for Making Fertilizer Recommendations
Yield response as influenced by soil test level and soil test recommendation
approach. (Hergert, 1997)
Konsep Kesuburan Tanaman
Three main interpretations have developed as a basis for
making fertilizer recommendations. These have developed
slowly, but became important during the 1950s and 1960s
when soil testing research was conducted.

Because our research database is limited, general principles


are developed so that decisions can be made in areas where
all the desired information is not known. Since agricultural
production always includes unknowns, crop fertilization
recommendations are based on interpretation of data and
experience.

Reasonable scientists have come to different conclusions on


what these general fertility principles are. Some of the
differences are due to geographic location; some are due to
the specific nutrient in question; and other differences are due
to the value placed on the many possible objectives.
These three crop nutrition concepts are called: the deficiency
correction approach, the maintenance approach, and nutrient
removal.
These approaches recognize that:

1) Only a fraction of a given plant nutrient in the soil is


measured by a soil test.
2) It is impossible to measure how much of a nutrient will be
readily available to plants. This means that a soil test value is
an index of the soil’s fertility status, not a quantitative measure
of the total amount of nutrient in the soil or its availability.

3) Early researchers recognized that the level of available


nutrients measured may range from low to high in a given field.
Early recommendations were intended to be applied on a field
basis.
Deficiency Correction Approach
The deficiency correction concept states that a nutrient should be
applied only if there is a reasonable expectation of a crop response. The
idea of a limiting factor resulted (Bray, 1944, 1945). This approach is the
basis for the correlation and calibration process discussed in Soils - Part
9. A soil test is developed that indicates when a specific nutrient is yield-
limiting in a field. Research is conducted to determine crop yields at
different soil test levels for a given nutrient (correlation). The next step
determines how much fertilizer is required for optimum yields at different
soil test levels (calibration).
This approach requires the most intensive research because the soil
test needs to be responsive to changes in soil levels and correlated with
crop response. The two essential questions to be answered are:
1) Will the crop respond to fertilizationþ
2) How much fertilizer is neededþ
In addition, the soil test should be broadly applicable to various crops
and across geographic regions. The database should be large enough
that a probability statement can be made with each fertilizer
recommendation. For example, “When soil tests for phosphorus are at
10 ppm (Bray and Kurtz #1), there is a 0-20 percent probability of a yield
response to applied phosphorus.” (NebGuide G859,
Fertilizer Recommendations for Soybeans)
The advantage of this method is that the only fertilizers applied will
be those that increase yields, and these will be applied at optimum
rates.

This has been called “fertilizing the crop,” since emphasis is


placed on achieving crop response.

The University of Nebraska soils faculty prefers this method


because it is based on UNL research and has been proven over
many years. This method is both economical and environmentally
sound.

The deficiency correction approach to fertilizing the crop only


recommends fertilizer to the point of economic optimum yield.
Experience has shown that fertilizer recommendations to
correct deficiencies increase the soil test level for most non-
mobile nutrients.

The point called “economic maximum yield” is the yield at


which a farmer makes the most profit from fertilizer
If a farmer applies less fertilizer than this, he will save money
on his fertilizer bill, but the money lost from decreased yields
will be larger than the money he saved on fertilizer.
If a farmer applies more fertilizer than needed to reach the
economic yield, he may increase his yield somewhat, but his
fertilizer costs will increase more than the increase in crop
value.

Yield increase x price of corn > lbs of fertilizer x cost of


fertilizer
EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN

Use of fertilizers is an index of the use of modern agricultural


methods
Faktor lain yg berpengaruh:
1. Water control
2. Seedbed
3. Cultivar
4. Date and rate of seeding
5. Stand of population
6. Fertilizer placement
7. Cultivation
8. Weed, insect and disease
9. Harvesting practices
Petani melakukan usahataninya
bertujuan mendapatkan keuntungan
yang sebesar-besarnya per satuan
EKONOMI luas lahan yang digarapnya ………..
PUPUK Profit maximizing

The farmer realize that :


“he must spend money to make money”

This is certainly true of expenditures for:


“lime, fertilizer, and manure”
Level of management on returns from farming

Level of Management:
Current Good Superior

Yield, bu per acre 20.0 34.0 50.0


Price per unit 2.00 2.00 2.00
Value per acre 40.00 68.00 100.00
Cost per acre 41.98 53.72 55.75
Cost per unit 2.10 1.56 1.11
Return over cash -1.98 14.28 44.25

Usahatani kedelai
RETURNS PER RUPIAH SPENT ON FERTILIZER.

Effect of rate of nitrogen on net return per added Rp invested

Nitrogen rate Added input Net return per added Rp


kg/ha kg N/ha invested

20 20 7.25
40 20 5.75
60 20 5.00
80 20 3.87
100 20 2.38
120 20 1.63
140 20 0.88
160 20 0.50
180 20 0.12
200 20 -0.62
PROFIT per LAND-AREA.
Petani umumnya akan berupaya melakukan pemupukan untuk
mencapai keuntungan (profit) yang setinggi-tingginya per
hektar lahannya.

Maximum profit tercapai kalau tambahan hasil sama dengan biaya


tambahan terakhir dosis pupuk yang diberikan ( Δ hasil / Δ
pupuk).

Aspek ekonomi dari respon hasil jagung terhadap dosis pupuk


nitrogen

Dosis N Yield Marginal Marginal Marginal Return Gross profit per ha


kg/ha kw/ha Yield Cost ……. (harga jagung Rp 1/ ku) ………..

20 8 8 2.4 3.33 5.60


40 15 7 2.4 2.92 10.20
60 21 6 2.4 2.50 13.80
80 26 5 2.4 2.08 16.40
100 30 4 2.4 1.67 18.00
120 32 2 2.4 0.83 17.60

Catatan: Harga pupuk N sebesar Rp 0.12 per kg


What are the most profitable rates of plant
nutrients?.

Beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh:


1. The expected increase in yield from each increment
2. The level of management
3. The price of fertilizer
4. The price the farmer expects to receive for his crops
5. Additional harvesting and marketing costs
6. Residual effects
7. Levels of other nutrients in the soil or fertilizer
Expected increase in yield from each incement of fertilizer.

Hasil per ha
HA

HB Lokasi A
Lokasi B
HE
Lokasi E
HC
Lokasi C

HD Lokasi D

N
Dosis pupuk N
Respon tanaman terhadap pemupukan dipengaruhi oleh kesuburan tanah.

Hasil tanaman Tanah kaya P dan K

HK

HM
Tanah miskin P dan K

N
Dosis pupuk N

Profit PK

Tanah kaya P dan K


PM’

profit difference
PM

PK’ Tanah Miskin P dan K


Max profit
Weather effects on the fertilizer response.

Hasil tanaman

HG good weather

HD
dry weather

N
Dosis pupuk
Price of fertilizer vs. Value of crop
Hasil tanaman per ha

kurva hasil tanaman


Y

C
garis biaya pupuk

Y
C
EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN.

Hasil tanaman yang lebih tinggi akan menyediakan peluang yang lebih
besar untuk mencapai maximum net-profit per luasan lahan dan
memperkecil biaya produksi per satuan hasil.
Kesuburan tanah yang baik menjadi faktor utama untuk mendapatkan hasil
yang tinggi.

Biaya tetap dalam usahatani adalah biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh petani,
tidak tergantung pada besarnya hasil tanaman. Dengan demikian praktek
usahatani yang meningkatkan hasil tanaman biasanya akan memperendah
biaya produksi per satuan hasil
.
Kurva respon hasil tanaman terhadap pemupukan biasanya mengikuti The
Law of Diminishing Return (Kurva Asimtotis).
Pendapatan per biaya produksi akan semakin menurun, hal ini menjadi
pertimbangan utama bagi petani yang modal kerjanya terbatas.

Petani yang progresif biasanya menyadari bahwa profit per hektar lahan
lebih penting daripada penghasilan per satuan biaya produksi

Maximum profit dari pemupukan akan tercapai kalau tambahan hasil


tanaman sama dengan tambahan biaya pemupukan (dY/dX = dC/dX)
EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN.

Dosis pupuk yang apling menguntungkan dipengatruhi oleh:


1. Peningkatan hasil akibat tambahan pupuk
2. Level of farm management
3. Harga pupuk
4. Harga hasil tanaman
5. Tambahan biaya panen
6. Biaya pemasaran
7. Residual effects
8. Soil fertility level.
Level of farm management: derajat sampai dimana semua faktor produksi
tanaman dapat berhasil dikendalikan.
Pada dosis pupuk yang tinggi, diperlukan kemampuan manajerial yg lebih
tinggi
Harga per satuan hara tanaman, beragam dengan bahan pupuk.
Pupuk yang kandungan haramya lebih tinggi dianggap lebih murah biaya
aplikasinya

Prioritas penggunaan modal kerja sangat penting bagi petani.


Umumnya lebih menguntungkan untuk melakukan pemupukan
sesuai dengan ahsil uji tanah.
EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN

Residual effects pupuk menjadi bagian penting dari


ekonomi pemupukan. Semakin banyak jumlah pupuk yang
diaplikasikan dalam jangka panjang, maka nilai residual
pupuk harus dipertimbangkan.

1. Why high yields are a necessity in periods of low prices ?


2. What are fixed cost? Variable costs? In relation to the fertilizer
application
3. Discuss the factors that determine the most profitable rate of
plant nutrients.

4. How would you evaluate the residual nutrients in your area?


Maintenance Approach
The maintenance approach sets a soil test level goal, and
recommends fertilizer to build the soil to the specific nutrient level
that has been determined to be ideal. This approach uses soil test
levels, as does the deficiency correction approach, to determine
when to fertilize. Soil tests for this approach still have to be
correlated, as with the deficiency correction approach. The
difference is that emphasis is placed on maintaining the soil fertility
level at or above the point of the economic maximum yield. This has
been called “fertilizing the soil,” since emphasis is placed on
achieving a specific nutrient level in the soil. Those who recommend
this approach have interpreted the research data to conclude that
this approach benefits the producer over time. Generally, the
maintenance approach uses a higher soil test level than the critical
level used for the deficiency correction approach.
This approach is used by several midwestern
universities. Some soil testing laboratories split
their recommendations into a fertilizer
recommendation and a “build” recommendation.

The “build” recommendation is designed to speed


the increase in soil test level to the chosen
optimum value.

Whether it applies to soils of a given region must


be tested to confirm its validity in terms of crop
response and farm profitability.
A specific example of the maintenance idea is the nutrient balance
concept. This concept states that for optimum crop growth there is a
“best ratio” of basic cations (positively charged ions) and a best total
base saturation for a given soil. There has been little information
published that confirms that a best cation saturation ratio really exists
for all soils or that it should vary from one soil to another (Leibhardt,
1981; McLean, et. al. 1983).

Because the balance concept includes only calcium, magnesium and


potassium, using an extrapolation of the balance concept by applying a
ratio approach for making recommendations of micronutrient elements
and sulfur is not valid.
This has brought about criticism of laboratories using the balance
concept.
The balance concept resulted from research on soils where cation
saturations varied widely.

The initial work (Bear, et al., 1945) was done with alfalfa on one New
Jersey soil having uniform amounts of exchangeable magnesium and
hydrogen and variable amounts of exchangeable potassium and
calcium.

From this study, a “best ratio” for the cation composition of the cation
exchange capacity (CEC) was proposed — 65 percent calcium, 10
percent magnesium, 5 percent potassium, and 20 percent hydrogen.
Later work by Graham in Missouri (1959) suggested that the percentages of
calcium, magnesium and potassium be 75, 10 and 2.5, but could vary around
these values.

The saturation ranges were: 65-85 percent calcium, 6-12 percent magnesium,
and 1-5 percent potassium. There is general agreement that variation of the
cation composition in these ranges will not likely affect yield appreciably.

While the idea of keeping a soil in “balance” is appealing, it should not be


taken so far as to demand remedial treatment in most cases. If each nutrient is
non-limiting and extreme excess is not apparent, the relative relationship
between nutrients will be acceptable
Nutrient Removal Approach
A third approach to fertilizer recommendations still widely used is nutrient removal. Before the advent
of soil testing, the nutrient removal approach to crop fertilization was the best science had to offer.
Early agricultural scientists realized that crops obtained their nutrition from the soil and, to maintain
good production, nutrients had to be returned to the soil. This was accomplished through crop
residues, wood ashes, and manures. As a simple guideline to adding fertilizers, the nutrient removal
approach is a major advance over not considering crop nutrition at all. The theoretical advantage of
returning to the soil what is removed is that productivity is maintained and depletion avoided.
The disadvantage of this approach is that it does not account for the soil’s ability to supply many
essential nutrients. Nutrient removal does not recognize that not all nutrients are used at 100 percent
efficiency. A producer may under- or over-fertilize by following the nutrient removal approach. The
most profitable fertilization approach needs to consider the cost of farm inputs and environmental
concerns. Making fertilizer recommendations by relying on the crop nutrient removal approach
ignores these two issues. In addition, a strict adherence to the nutrient removal approach makes soil
testing unnecessary, since nutrients are added based on what is harvested.

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