Biostatistics

Unit 8

ANOVA

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 ANOVA—Analysis of Variance

• ANOVA is used to determine if there is any

significant difference between the means of
groups of data.
• In one-way ANOVA these groups vary under
the influence of a single factor.

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 ANOVA—Analysis of Variance

ANOVA was developed in the 1920s by

Ronald A. Fisher (1890-1962) who worked for
the British Government Agricultural
Department.

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 Data Table
• Data for ANOVA are placed in a data
table.
• There must be at least three groups of
data.

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 Assumptions and Hypotheses
The assumptions in ANOVA are:
-normal distribution of the data
-independent simple random samples
-constant variance
The hypotheses are:
H0: all means are equal
HA: not all the means are equal

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 Test Statistic
• The test statistic is V.R. which is
distributed as F with the appropriate
number of numerator degrees of
freedom and denominator degrees of
freedom.
• A large value of F indicates rejection of
H0.

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 Calculations
1. Basic calculations are done to determine
the values of Sx, Sx2 and n for each group.

Place the data from each group in one of the

lists of the TI-83. Use of 1-Var Stats gives
these values automatically. 7
 Calculations
2. An ANOVA table is prepared which includes:
df Degrees of freedom
SS Sum of squares
MS Mean squares
F Variance ratio

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 Calculations
3. N and k are used to calculate
degrees of freedom.
TOTAL df = N – 1
GROUP df = k – 1
ERROR df = N - k

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 Calculations
4. Calculations for ANOVA table values:
[A] correction factor [D] SS Error
[B] Sum of Squares Total [E] MS Group
Value (SS Total) [F] MS Error
[C] SS Group [G] F (V.R.)

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations
a. Given
Opercular breathing rates of goldfish
at different temperatures.
N = 48 (number of measurements)
k = 6 (number of groups)

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12
 Sample ANOVA Calculations
b. Assumptions
• normal distribution of data
• independent simple random samples
• constant variance

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations
c. Hypotheses
H0: all means are equal
HA: not all the means are equal

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations
d. Statistical test

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations
Decision criteria
The critical value of F with 5 numerator
degrees of freedom and 42 denominator
degrees of freedom is about 2.45 at the
95% confidence level. We reject H0 if
V.R. > 2.45.

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17
 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[A] Calculate correction factor

Remember: there is a big difference

between (Sx)2 and Sx2.

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[B] Calculate SS Total

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[C] Calculate SS Group

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[D] Calculate SS Error

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[E] Calculate MS Group

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[F] Calculate MS Error

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations

[G] Calculate Variance Ratio

Result: the completed ANOVA table

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations
f. Discussion
• The 95% CI level for F with 5 numerator
degrees of freedom and 42 denominator
degrees of freedom is 2.45 as read from the
F tables.
• The actual value is 12.01 with a probability
of 2.98 x 10-7.
• This means that H0 is rejected.

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 Sample ANOVA Calculations
g. Conclusions
We conclude that not all the means of the
groups are equal.

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fin

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