Learning Objectives

• Explain and relate Dalton’s Atomic Theory on the behavior of

matter.
• 3 Basic Laws of matter
• The atomic structure and sub-atomic particles
• Differentiate molecules from ions
• Write the chemical formula and give the names of compounds
• Define and apply:
– Atomic Mass
– Avogadro’s number
– Mole
– Empirical and molecular formula
– Percentage composition of compound
– Types of chemical reactions and their chemical equations
History of the Atomic Theory
• Democritus first proposed
the idea of atoms.
• Father of Atomism
• “small indivisible parts”
• Atomos= uncuttable
• The idea was not supported
because of absence of
explanation and
experimentation
Joseph Priestly and Antoine Lavoisier

• During the late 1700s scientists

started to explain chemical
behavior in terms of atoms.
• Demonstrated that substances
combine to form new substance
• Formulation of the LAW OF
CONSERVATION OF MASS
• Closed
System
 John Dalton
• Published his atomic theory
(Billiard Ball Model)which states
that atoms of a given element
have the same size and weight
and these atoms combine
chemically in simple ratios to form
a chemical compound which was
later known as multiple
proportions.
 JOHN DALTON
• Proposed the Atomic Theory
• 5 Assumptions:
– All matter is composed of tiny particles called
atoms
– Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed
– Elements are characterized by the weight of
their atoms
– In any chemical reaction, atoms combine in
small, whole number ratios
– When elements react, their atoms may combine
in more than one whole number ratio
 Joseph John Thomson
• Electrons are embedded in a positive
charge
• Discovered the electrons
Ernest Rutherford Model
• Utilized the gold foil experiment
• Discovered the protons (inside a positively
charged nucleus)
Niels Bohr Planetary Model
• Electrons circle the nucleus in
allowed areas only.
• Described the electron shells
Erwin Schrodinger’s Model
• Electrons behave in a wave like
manner rather than just particles
• Electron shells are actually orbitals
 James Chadwick
• Discovered neutral charged subatomic
particles and named it as Neutrons.
• Concentrated in the center together
with the protons
3 BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

• First coined by Antoine Lavoisier as a fundamental

principle in Physics in 1789
• States that “despite chemical reactions or physical
transformations, mass is conserved, that is, it cannot
be created nor destroyed within an isolated system
 180g Glucose + 192g Oxygen Gas
= 264g Carbon + 108g Water
C- 12
H- 1 MOLAR MASS
O- 16
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MASS-ENERGY
• Amended by Albert Einstein
which describes that total
mass and energy in a system
remain constant.
• Mass and energy can be
converted from one to
another.
 LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION
a.k.a Law of Constant Composition
• No matter what its source, a
particular compound is
composed of the same elements
in the same parts (fractions) by
mass. Joseph Proust
• Fraction by mass= part of the
A given compound
compound’s mass that each always contains
element contributes exactly the same
proportion of
elements by mass
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
• States that when
two elements combine
with each other to
form more than
one compound, the
weights of one
element that combine
with a fixed weight of
the other are in a
ratio of small whole
numbers.
• The Subatomic Par
Properties of the different subatomic
particles
Particle Charge Mass (gram) Mass (amu) DIscoverer
Proton +1 1.6727x10^-24 1.0077316 Rutherford (1919)
Neutron 0 1.6750x10^-24 1.008701 Chadwick (1932)
Electron -1 9.110x10^-28 0.000549 Thomson (1897)
• Determine the number of protons, electrons and
neutrons in each of the following elements

96 Mo 55
Mn 101 -2 Ru
59 +3
Ni
52 25 44 28

p- p- p- p-
n- n- n- n-
e- e- e- e-
 Name of Symbol of Atomic Atomic No. of No. of No. of Charge
Element Element Mass Number proton Neutrons Electrons
Magnesium Mg 24 12 12 12 10 2+

Cobalt Co 59 27 27 32 25 2+

Germanium Ge 73 32 32 41 28 4+

Argon Ar 40 18 18 22 18 0
Zirconium Zr 91 40 40 51 38 2+

Cd 112 48 48 64 44 4+
Cadmium

Tin Sn 118 50 50 68 46 4+

Mercury Hg 201 80 80 121 78 2+

 ISOTOPES
• Elements with the same atomic number but
differ in atomic mass (esp. number of
neutrons)
MOLECULES AND IONS
• Remember:
– MOLECULE- composed of two or more atoms
bound together a chemical bond, either ionic or
covalent bond
– ION- a charged atom or an atom with
unbalanced electrostatic charge
• CATION- Positively charged
• ANION- Negatively charged
 Ion Formation

• The name of the anion changes the name

ending into “ide”
Some of the Common Cations
 Common Anions
• Bromite- BrO2- • Molybdate- MoO4-2
• Bromate- BrO3- • Oxalate- C2O4-2
• Chlorate- ClO3- • Peroxide- O2-2
• Cyanate- OCN- • Acetate- C2H3O2-
• Cyanide- CN- • Aluminate- AlO2-
• Dihydrogen Phosphate- • Aluminite- AlO3-
H2PO4- • Bicarbonate- HCO3-
• Hydroxide- OH- • Bisulphate- HSO4-
• Iodate- IO3- • Thiocyanate- SCN-
• Biphosphate- HPO4-2 • Permanganate- MnO4-
• Carbonate- CO3-2 • Nitrate- NO3-
• Chromate- CrO4-2
• Dichromate- Cr2O7-2
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
 Chemical Formulas
• Chemical compound is formed when two or
more ions combine
• Example Ca2+ and Cl1-
– Balance the charges Ca2+ (1) Cl1- (2)
– Multiply as subscripts of the elements
– Criss-cross method
Ca2+ Cl1-

CaCl2
 Identify the products produced by
the following reactants
• Al3+ and Br-

AlBr3
• Fe3+ and C2H3O2-
Fe(C2H3O2)3
• Ba2+ and Cr2O72-
BaCr2O7
 Identify the Chemical Formula
• Ferrous Sulphate FeSO4
• Magnesium Bicarbonate Mg(HCO3)2
• Lithium Oxide Li2O
• Potassium Perchlorate KClO4
• Dinitrogen Pentoxide N2O5
• Zn (II) Sulphate ZnSO4
• Iron (III) Oxalate Fe2(C2O4)3
 EMPIRICAL FORMULA
MOLECULAR FORMULA
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
Empirical and Molecular Formula
Structural Formulas
• What is the Molecular Formula of a
compound which has an Empirical Formula of
CH4N and a molecular mass of 60.12g?

• What is the empirical formula of a compound

which is 25.90% Nitrogen and 74.10% Oxygen?
CHEMICAL FORMULA NAMING
 Methods for Naming Chemical
Formula
• 1. Traditional or Stack Method
– A. “ic”= higher charged is used
Ex. Ferric Oxide- Fe2O3
– B. “ous”= lower charge is used
Ex. Ferrous Chloride- FeCl2
• 2. Roman Numerals
• Iron (III) Oxide- Fe2O3
• Iron (II) Chloride- FeCl2
• 3. Latin Prefixes
-mono, di, tri
Ex. Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide
 NAMING COMPOUNDS
• IONIC COMPOUNDS
– If the compound is ionic, the name of the cation (usually
a metal) comes first, followed the compound name of the
anion. To find the compound name of the anion, replace
the end of the element’s name with ‘ide’
– Example: NaCl (Sodium Chloride)
• If the anion is polyatomic and contains oxygen, then the
suffix is ‘ate’
• Ex: Na2CO3- Sodium Carbonate
LiHCO3- Lithium Bicarbonate
Note: Ex. MgO- Magnesium the cation, followedby the
oxygen,change the suffix into ‘ide’ since Oxygen is the sole
ion and not a part of the polyatomic group.
 HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
• If the compound contains hydrogen and a metal,
the metal comes first, followed by the word
‘hydride’ to denote the hydrogen compound
– Ex. NaH- Sodium Hydride

• If the compound contains hydrogen and a non-

metal and does not contain water, then
hydrogen comes first followed by the element’s
name replaced with the ‘ide’ suffix
– Ex. HF- Hydrogen Flouride
• If the hydrogen non-metal compound
dissolves in water, it starts with the ‘hydro’
prefix followed by the element’s name
replaced with an ‘ic’ suffix followed by
‘acid’
– Ex. HCl- Hydrochloric Acid
• OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
• If the compound contains oxygen anion
(oxyanion) and hydrogen and does not
contain water, then hydrogen comes first,
followed by the element name with the
suffix ‘ate’
• Ex. HCO3- Hydrogen Carbonate
• The ‘ate’ rule is used for the most common
or the only compound made with oxyanion
 Oxygen Level Prefix Suffix

A little oxygen Hypo- -ite

Some Oxygen -ite

ELEMENT

More oxygen -ate

A lot of oxygen Per- -ate

ClO- Hypochlorite Oxygen Level corresponds with

ClO2 - Chlorite the relative amounts in different
ClO3 - Chlorate compounds and not necessarily
ClO4 - Perchlorate the no. of oxygen atoms
Oxygen Level Prefix
A little oxygen Hypo- -ous
ELEMENT ACID
Some Oxygen -ous
More Oxygen -ic
A Lot of Per- -ic
Oxygen

HClO- Hypochlorous Acid

HClO2 - Chlorous Acid
HClO3 - Chloric Acid
HClO4 - Perchloric Acid
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS
• 1. The Least electronegative element is named first
• 2. If the compound contains hydrogen, hydrogen is
named first
• 3. The number of atoms of each element is indicated
by a prefix
• 4. If the first element only has one atom the prefix is
not used
• 5. The name of the element has the suffix ‘ide’
• 6. Least electronegative+ number prefix, most
electronegative element, suffix ‘ide’’