EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

SYSTEM DESIGN USING

EMBEDDED PROCESSORS
Module 1
 Embedded Concepts
◦ Introduction to embedded systems,
◦ Application Areas,
◦ Categories of embedded systems,
◦ Specialties of embedded systems,
◦ recent trends in embedded systems,
◦ Overview of embedded system architecture,
◦ Architecture of embedded systems,
◦ Hardware architecture,
◦ Software architecture,
◦ Application Software,
◦ Communication Software,
◦ Development and debugging Tools.
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

• Overview.
• Hardware Architecture.
• Software Architecture.

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ARCHITECTURE cont..
 Overview
 Every Embedded system consist of custom built
hardware built around a CPU.
 Embedded system architecture can be
represented as a layered architecture.
 It is not compulsory to have an OS in every
embedded system.

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ARCHITECTURE cont..

Application Software

Operating system

dsfgd
Hardware

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HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE.
Building Blocks
◦ Central Processing Unit(CPU).
◦ Memory (RAM, ROM).
◦ Input Devices.
◦ Output Devices.
◦ Communication interfaces.
◦ Application Specific Circuitry.

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 Random-
Read-Only
Access
Memory
Memory

Input Central Processing Output

Devices Unit (CPU) Devices

Communication
Interfaces

Application-Specific Circuitry

Fig:-Simplified Hardware Architecture of an Embedded System

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 Function Communication
Sensors LCD LEDs
Keypad Interfaces

ADC RAM
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
DAC ROM

Power Clock Chip Watchdog Timer & Debug

supply Circuitry select Reset Circuitry Port

Fig:- Building Blocks of the Hardware in an Embedded System

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EMBEDDED PROCESSORS

 Microcontrollers
◦ 8 Bit, 16 Bit, 32 Bit
 Digital Signal Processors
◦ Fixed Point, Floating Point
 Reconfigurable/Alternative
◦ FPGA
◦ SOC

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MICROCONTROLLER

 I/O Oriented Single Chip Microcomputer

 I/O Capability
 Interrupt Handling
 Instruction Set

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MICROCONTROLLERS

 8-BIT MICROCONTROLLER
◦ INTEL - 8051, MICROCHIP – PIC,
MOTOROLLA – 68HC11
 16-BIT MICROCONTROLLER
◦ INTEL - 80C196
 32-BIT MICROCONTROLLER
◦ INTEL - 80C960
◦ ARM MICROCONTROLLERS

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ARM
 Acronym for Advanced RISC Machines
 Founded in November 1990
 Designs the ARM range of RISC processor
cores
 Licenses ARM core design to semiconductor
partners
◦ ARM does not fabricate silicon itself
 Develops technologies to assist with the design-
ing of the ARM architecture
◦ Software tools, boards, debug hardware,
application software, bus architectures,
peripherals, etc
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Features of ARM Architecture
 Typical RISC Features
◦ Large uniform register file
◦ Load/Store Architecture
◦ Simple Addressing Modes
◦ Uniform and fixed-length instruction fields
 Additional Features
◦ Control over ALU and shifter
◦ Auto-increment and auto-decrement
addressing modes
◦ Load and Store multiple instructions
◦ Conditional execution of all instructions
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SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Application Software

Application Programming interface

Operating system

Communication
Software
Libraries
File
system
Device
Kernel manager

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Kernel of an OS
 kernel is the heart of OS
 kernel manages the tasks
 A task scheduling algorithm decides
which task has to run next

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Real-time Kernel Requirements
 Multitasking
 Preemptive scheduling
 Fast, flexible inter task communications and
synchronizations
 Small foot print
 Support for diskless systems
 Scalability.
 Easy communications between task and interrupt
levels
 Bounded performance
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Popular RTOS’s
 VxWORKS
 PSOS
 QNX
 CMX
 RT-Linux
 WinCE

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Service Provided by an OS
 Process/Task management.
 Memory management.
 Input/output management.
 Providing services to applications.
 Providing a user interface.

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End of Session

Thank you