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1 Derivative
of a function 9.2 Rules of
Differentiation
9.0
DIFFERENTIATION
9.3 Differentiation
of Expo, Log &
Trigo Functions
9.5 Parametric
Differentiations
9.4 Implicit
Differentiation
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students are
able to:
(a) Determine the derivative of a
function f(x) using the first principle.
f ( x h) f ( x )
f ( x) lim
'
h0 h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 3
Derivative of a function
Suppose that we wish to find the gradient of
a curve y = f(x) at a point P(x, y) on the curve,
knowing that PQ is a secant line, so
f(x) Gradient of line PQ
QN
Q
f(x+ δx) PN
Secant line f(x x) f(x)
x x x
P
f(x) N f(x x) f(x)
x x
x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 x x (1) 4
If Q moves nearer to P , say to points Q1, Q2 , Q3 …
The gradient of PQ1, PQ2, PQ3 …will give better
approximations for the gradient of the tangent line
at a point, P.
f(x)
y = f(x)
Let x = h,
Tangent Line Thus, from (1) the
at point P Q
f(x+ h) gradient of the curve
Q1 y = f(x) at
Q2 P ( x , y ) is given by
(x, y)
Q3
P f ( x h) f ( x )
f(x) N mPQ msec
h
x
x h xh 5
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Gradient of tangent line at an any point (x, y);
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 6
If P = ( x , y ) and Q = (x + h , y + h)
Then, Gradient of a curve y at an any point P,
given by:
dy f(x h) f(x)
lim
dx h0 x h x
we can write as: f’(x)
Derived function :
read as
dy or y’
d
‘derivative of y dx or
y
with respect to x’ dx
or d
[ f ( x)]
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
7
The process of finding the derivative of
a function is called DIFFERENTIATION.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 8
DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE
Example 1
Find the derivative of the following functions
with respect to x using the first principle
a) f ( x) 3 x b) f ( x) x 2
1
c) f ( x) x+1 d ) f ( x)
3x 5
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 9
SOLUTION 1a
a) f ( x) 3 x
f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x) lim
h 0 h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 10
SOLUTION 1b
b) f ( x) x 2
f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x) lim
h 0 h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 11
SOLUTION 1c f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x) lim
h 0 h
c) f(x) = x 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 12
SOLUTION 1d
1
d ) f ( x)
3x 5 1 1
3 x h 5 - 3x 5
f '( x) lim
h 0 h
3x 5 3( x h) 5 1
lim
h 0 (3( x h) 5)(3 x 5)
h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 13
Derivative of a function at x = a
f ( x) f (a )
f ' (a) lim
xa xa
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 14
OR
The derivative of f(x) at x = a can be
alternatively defined as
f ( a h) f ( a )
f '(a) lim
h 0 h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 15
The tangent to the
curve at x = a
f(x)
y = f(x)
f(a)
x
x=a
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 16
Example 2a
Find the derivative of f(x) at the given
point :
a) f (x) = x² +3; a = 3
SOLUTION
f (x) f (a)
f '(a) lim
x a xa
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 17
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 18
OR alternative;
f ( a h) f ( a )
f '(a) lim =
h 0 h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 19
Example 2b
1
b) f x a3
x
SOLUTION
f '(3)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
20
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 21
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 22
CONCLUSION
i) Differentiation from the first principle
f ( x h) f ( x )
f '( x) lim
h 0 h
ii) Derivative of a function at x = a .
f ( x) f (a )
f ' (a) lim
xa xa
OR
f ( a h) f ( a )
f '(a) lim
h 0 h
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 23
Exercise
1) Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to x
using the first principle
1
a) f ( x) 2 x c) f ( x)
x 1
b) f ( x) x 1
4x 2
2) Given f x x , find f ' (a) for a 1
3
by using the first principle.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 24
Answers
1
1) a) -2 b)
2 x 1
1
c)
x 1
2
5 Tutorial Exercise :
2)
3 Question: (1) & (2)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 25
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 26
LEARNING OUTCOMES
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 30
SOLUTION 1
f ( x) x
For x 0,
For x 0,
f '(0)
f '(0)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 31
f x f 0 f x f 0
Since, lim lim ,
x0 x0 x0 x0
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 32
Example 2
3x 12, x 2
2
Show that f ( x)
12 x ,x > 2
is differentiable at x = 2.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 33
SOLUTION 2
For x 2, For x 2,
34
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 35
Example 3
x2 3 , x 1
Show that f ( x) is continuous
x 3 , x 1
but not differentiable at x=1.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 36
.
SOLUTION 3
f (1) 4
lim f ( x) lim(
x 3)
2
x1 x1
lim f ( x) lim(
x 3)
x 1 x 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 37
For x 1,
f ( x) f (1)
f '(1) lim
x 1 x 1
For x 1,
f ( x) f (1)
f '(1) lim
x 1 x 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 38
f x f 1 f x f 1
Since, lim lim ,
x1 x 1 x1 x 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 39
(b) RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
f ( x) x ; n Rn
Power
n 1
f ' ( x) n x
rule
eg : f ( x) x 3
f '( x) 3x 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 41
n
3). A Function of the Form kx
f ( x) k x ; k , n R
n
n 1
f '( x) k n x
eg : f ( x) 5 x 3
f '( x) 15 x 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 42
(ii) By using the sum rule
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 43
Example 1
Find f '( x ) given
(a) f ( x ) 4x 3 3x 2 2x .
1
(b) f ( x ) 2 5
x
Solution 1
(a)
(b )
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 44
(iii) By using the product rule
d
or uv (uv) ' vu ' uv '
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 45
Example 2
u v
Solution 2
f ( x) (3x 1)(7 2 x )
2 3
u 3x 1,
2 2 1 v=(7 2 x )
3
u ' 6x v'=3(2)x 6 x
2 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 47
By using quotient rule
u ( x)
f ( x)
v( x)
v( x)u '( x) u( x)v '( x)
f '( x)
v( x)
2
d u u v u ' u v '
'
or
dx v v v 2
48
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Example 3
x 1
Given : f ( x)
x 1
find f ’(x) .
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 49
u v u ' u v '
'
u
Solution 3
v 2
v
v
x 1
a) f ( x) u x 1 v= x 1
x 1 2 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 50
Example 4
f ’(x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 52
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 53
Solution 4(b)
u v u ' u v '
u '
v v 2
6x 1 2
b) f ( x) v
2x
f ’(x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 54
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 55
Solution 4(c)
(1 2 x)(3 x 2)
f ( x)
5x 4
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 56
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 57
Solution 4(d) u v
d ) f ( x) x x x 3
2
(u v) ' v u ' u v '
f '( x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 58
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 59
Continue…Solution 4(d) or
7
d ) f ( x) x x x 3 2
x x
5 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 60
CONCLUSION
iii) For a function to be differentiable at x = a,
then
b) f x f a f x f a
lim lim
xa xa xa xa
Note: A function may be continuous at a point but not
differentiable. This happens at points where there are
corners or vertical tangents.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 61
CONCLUSION RULES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
(a) if f(x) = k, then f’(x) = 0
(b) if f(x) = xn, then f’(x) = nxn-1
(c) if f(x) = kxn, then f’(x) = knxn-1
(d) if f ( x) u ( x) v( x),
then, f '( x) u '( x) v '( x)
(e) if f ( x) u ( x) v( x)
then, f '( x) v( x)u '( x) u ( x)v '( x)
u ( x)
(f) if f ( x) ,
v( x)
v( x)u '( x) u ( x)v '( x)
then, f '( x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
v( x)
2 62
Exercise
2 x ,x 0
1) Given f ( x) 2
x ,x 0
Is f differentiable at x = 0?
2x 2x 3
2
c) f ( x)
a) f ( x) 2 3x 2
x
x 1
b) f ( x) (3x 7)(6 5x)
2
d ) f ( x)
1 x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 63
Answers
1. f is not differentiable at x = 0.
2. a) 7 x 2 6 x 3
b)
45 x 36 x 35
2
6 x2 8x 9
c)
(3x 2) 2
1 Tutorial Exercise :
d)
x (1 x ) 2 Question: (3) a, b & d.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 64
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 65
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson students are
able to:
(a) Apply the rules of differentiation (cont’d)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 66
v. By using the chain rule
If y f (u ) and u g ( x )
dy dy du
then
dx du dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 67
Example 1
dy
Find for the following functions ;
dx
a) y (3x 2) 2 5
1
b) y
4x 9
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 68
dy dy du
SOLUTION 1(a)
dx du dx
y (3x 2) 2 5
let u and y
du dy
and
dx du
dy
.
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 69
SOLUTION 1(b)
1
y 1
4x 9 ( 4 x 9 )
.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 70
By using the power rule
In general, any composite function of
the form y f ( x ) n
d
f ( x) n f ( x) f '( x)
n n 1
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 71
Example 2
3 4
b) f ( x ) ( x 1)
d
(c ) (2 x 9 x 6)
4 4
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 72
1 2 3
d
Solution 2 f ( x ) n
n
f ( x ) f '( x )
n 1
dx
3
a ) y ( x 4)
3
2
1
dy 2 d
3 ( x 4) x 4
dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 73
1 2 3
d
f ( x ) n n f ( x )
n 1
f '( x )
dx
3 4
b) f ( x ) ( x 1)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 74
1 2 3
Solution (c)
d
f ( x ) n n f ( x ) n 1
f '( x )
dx
d
(c) (2 x 9 x 6)
4 4
dx 3
1 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 75
Example 3 Differentiate with respect to x
x
g( x )
1 x
Solution
1
x x 2
g (x )
1 x 1 x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 76
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 77
Second And Third Order
Differentiation
dy
f '( x) , the first derivative of f
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 78
Example 5
Find the third derivative of
4 3 2
p( x ) 2 x 9 x 5 x 7
Solution
p' ( x ) 8 x 27 x 10 x
3 2
2
p' ' ( x ) 24 x 54 x 10
…
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 79
Example 6
80
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 81
Example 7
If y
x
1 x 2
show that 1 x y '' 3xy ' 0
2
Solution
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 82
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 83
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
84
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 85
CONCLUSION
i) Chain rule :
If y f (u ) and u g ( x )
dy dy du
then
dx du dx
d
f ( x) n f ( x) f '( x)
n 1
ii) Power rule, n
dx
1) (a) ( x 5) (5 x 11)
2
3
2( x 1) 2
Tutorial Exercise :
(b)
6(1 x ) 2
Question: (4) .
(1 x) 4
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 88
89
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson students
are able to:
(a) Determine the derivatives of the
functions:
x f ( x) x f ( x)
i) a ,a ,e ,e
ii) ln x,ln f ( x)
90
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Derivative of ya x
and ya f ( x)
Theorem d x
a a ln a
x
dx
d
a f ( x ) a f ( x ) f ' ( x ).(ln a )
dx
x
a) y 5
3 x 5
b) y 4
x2 2 x
c) y 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 92
d f ( x)
Solution a a f ( x)(ln a)
f ( x) '
dx
x
a) y 5 C D L
dy x d
dx
5 x ln 5
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 93
d f ( x)
3 x 5 a a f ( x)(ln a)
f ( x) '
b) y 4 dx
C D L
dy
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 94
d f ( x)
x2 2 x a a f ( x)(ln a)
f ( x) '
c) y 3 dx
dy
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 95
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
d x d kx
e e x
e ke kx
dx dx
d f x
e f ( x )e
' f ( x)
OR
dx
e f ( x) '
f ( x)
.
COPY X DIFF
C xD 96
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
Let ye u
, where u f x
dy du
e f x
u
du dx
dy
dx
u
e f x
f x e f x
Thus,
d
dx
e f x
f ' x e f x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 97
Tips: COPY X DIFF
a) f ( x) 4e x
f '( x) 4e 1
x
x
=4e C D
b) f ( x ) e 3x
f '( x )
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 98
Example 2 Find f ' ( x) .
c) f ( x) e x2 f '( x )
C D
d) f ( x) e x f '( x )
1
e x2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 99
Example 3
Differentiate with respect to x:
3 x2 4 x
a) y e
b) y xe 4x
3x 2
c) f ( x) x
e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 100
dy dy du
Solution 3(a) =
dx du dx
3 x2 4 x
ye i. Chain rule
Let y , u
dy du
du dx
dy
dx
101
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Solution 3(a)
3 x2 4 x
d
dx
e
f x
e f ' x
f x
ye
ii. Formula
dy
CxD
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 102
Solution
uv ' vu uv
' '
b) y xe 4x v
dy
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 103
u vu uv
'
Solution 3 (c)
v
2
3x 2 u v
f ( x) x
e v
f '( x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 104
f '( x)
f '( x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 105
Derivative of Logarithmic Functions
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 106
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
Let y ln u where u f x
dy 1
f x
du
du u dx
1
f x
dy
dx u
f x
f x
. 107
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Tips: INVERSE X DIFF
Therefore,
I D
d
ln f x
1
f x
f x OR
dx
f x
=
f x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 108
f x
d
ln f x f x f x or f x
1
Example 4
dx
Differentiate the following with respect to x
a) f (x) ln 3x b) f ( x) ln x 1
x 2
2
c) g ( x ) ln , x2
x 1
2
ln x
d) y x ln 2 x e) y x
e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 109
SOLUTION d
ln f x
1
f x
f x
dx
a) f ( x) ln 3x
ALTERNATIVE METHOD
Tips: I X D
f ( x ) ln 3 ln x
1
f ' (x) 3 1 1
3x f '( x ) 0 (1)
x x
1
x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 110
Solution
b) f ( x) ln x 1
=
Tips: I X D
f x 1 1 d
( x 1)
2 x 1 dx
111
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Solution
x 2
2
c) g ( x ) ln , x2
x2 1
Tips: I D
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 112
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 113
Solution uv ' vu uv
' '
d ) y x ln 2 x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 114
u= vu uv
'
Solution
v
2
ln x v
e) y x
e
dy
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 115
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 116
CONCLUSION
(I) Derivatives of
Exponential Functions
(II) Derivative of
ya x
and ya f ( x) d
e e
x x
dx
d x d
a a x ln a e ke
kx kx
dx
dx
d f ( x)
a a f ( x ) f ' ( x )(ln a ) d f x
dx
Tips: COPY X DIFF X lna
e e f ( x)
f ( x) '
C D L dx
Tips: COPY X DIFF
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 C D 117
(III) Derivative of Logarithmic Functions
d 1 1
ln x (1)
dx x x
1 f x
d
ln f x
f x
f x
f x
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 118
Exercise
b) e 15 x
(3x 1)
2 e) y 4 x
6 x8
f) y7
x
e
c) ln x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 119
Answers
5e x
a) b) 6 x15 x 15x2e15 x 5e15 x
2 x
4
1 d)
c) (1 2 x)(2 x 1)
2 x ln x
1
1
e 6 x 8
67
1 x
x
f) x e 2
ln 7
4 ln 4
x
e) 2
x2
Tutorial Exercise :
Question: (5) , (6)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 120
121
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson students are
able to:
(a) Determine the derivatives of the
functions:
(iii) sin x, cos x, tan x
sec x, cosec x, cot x
(iv) sin u, cos u, tan u
sec u, cosec u, cot u
n n n
(v) sin n x, cos xn, tan xn
sec x, cosec x, cot x 122
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
6 Basic functions:
d
1) sin x cos x
dx
d
2) cos x sin x
dx
d
3) tan x sec x
2
dx
123
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
d
4) sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
5) cosec x cosec x cot x
dx
d
6) cot x cosec x
2
dx
Note: The above differentiation formulae are
only true for angles which are
measured in radians.
124
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Additional Learning Tip:
The Magic Hexagon
d
- C .. ()ve
dx
sec2 - csc2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 125
Example 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 126
Solution 1:
d
a) 2 sin x 3cos x 2 cos x 3 sin x
dx
2 cos x 3sin x
b)
d
dx
4 tan x 5 x 5
1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 127
Example 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 128
Solution 2 :
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 129
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 130
Composite functions:
If u f ( x ) , then
d du
1)
dx
sin u cos u dx
d du
2)
dx
cos u sin u dx
d du
3)
dx
tan u sec u dx
2
131
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
d du
4)
dx
sec u sec u tan u dx
d du
5)
dx
cosec u ) cosec u cot u
dx
d du
6)
dx
cot u cosec u
2
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 132
Example 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 133
du
Solution 3: dx
u u
d d
a) cos 5x 4 sin 5 x 4 5 x 4
dx dx
5 sin5 x 4
d
b) sin ln x
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 134
d 1
c) tan( 3x)
dx 6
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 135
d
d) sec(2x 3)
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 136
d 1 2
e)
dx
cosec x )
2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 137
d
f) sin( 2x ) cos (3x )
3 4
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 138
Example 4
2 dy
Given y sin x . cos 3x, find .
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 139
Solution 4: uv ' vu uv
' '
2
y sin x . cos 3x v
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 140
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 141
Differentiation of
n n n
sin x, cos x and tan x
Power Rules: 1 2
3
d d
1)
dx
n
sin x n sin n 1
x
dx
sin x
d d
2)
dx
n
cos x n cos x
n 1
dx
cos x
d d
3)
dx
n
tan x n tan n 1
x
dx
tan x
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Differentiation of
n n n
sec x, cosec x and cot x
d d
4)
dx
sec n x n sec n 1
x
dx
sec x
d d
5)
dx
n
cos ec x n cos ec x cos ec x
n 1
dx
d d
6)
dx
n
cot x n cot n 1
x
dx
cot x
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Step 3
Example 5 Step1 Step 2
d
f ( x) n f ( x)
f '( x )
n n 1
dx
Differentiate each of the following functions
with respect to x.
4
a) y tan x
3
b) y sin x
4
c) y 2 cos x
2
d) y cosec x
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Solution 5:
4 4
a) y tan x tan x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 145
3 3
b) y sin x sin x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 146
4
c) y 2 cos x
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2
d) y cos ec x
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Example 6
3
For y cos x,
dy
find the value of , if x
dx 6
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 149
Solution 6
dy
dx
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CONCLUSION
d
1) sin x cos x
dx
d
2) cos x sin x
dx
d
3) tan x sec 2
x
dx
d
4) cosec x ) cosec x cot x
dx
d
5) sec x sec x tan x
dx
d
6) cot x cosec 2 x 152
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 dx
If u f ( x ) , then
d du
7)
dx
sin u cos u
dx
d du
8)
dx
cos u sin u dx
d du
9)
dx
tan u sec u dx
2
d du
10)
dx
sec u sec u tan u dx
d du
11)
dx
cosec u ) cosec u cot u
dx
d du
12)
dx
cot u cosec u
2
dx
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Power Rules:
d d
13)
dx
n
n 1
sin x n sin x
dx
sin x
d d
14)
dx
n
cos x n cos x n 1
dx
cos x
d d
15)
dx
n
tan x n tan n 1
x
dx
tan x
d d
16)
dx
n
cosec x n cosec x n 1
dx
cosec x
d d
17)
dx
n
sec x n sec x
n 1
dx
sec x
d d
18)
dx
n
cot x n cot n 1
x
dx
cot x
154
154
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Exercise
Differentiate with respect to x.
a) y 2sec x
b) y 2sin x tan x
c) y cos 2 x tan 2 x
d ) y sin x cos x 3
e) y tan x sec x2 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 155
Answers
a) 2sec x tan x
b) 2sin x(sec2 x 1)
c) -2sin 2 x 2sec 2 x
2
2
e) 4sec x tan x Tutorial Exercise :
Question: (7)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
156
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157
LEARNING OUTCOMES
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 158
Overall review: Differentiation
3 General Rules
1 2 3
3x 4
2x x
3
5 sin x xl n x
.
ln
x 1 .
esin x .
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 159
Solve Problems of Differentiation
Example 1
Find the first derivatives of the functions given below
: 1 2x
a) f x e 3x2
x 1
2
c) f x ln
x 1
2x
f x d) f x ln ln ln 2x
e
b)
1 e x
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Solution 1a:
f x e 3x2
x 2
1
f '( x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 161
Solution 1b:
2x
f x
e
1 e x
f '( x)
1 e x e2 x 2 e2 x e x
1 e
2
x
e 2 1 e e
2x x x
e 2x
2 e x
1 e 1 e
2 2
x x
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Solution 1c:
1 2x
f x ln
x 1
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d 1
d 1
f '( x) ln 1 2 x ln x 1
2 2
dx dx
164
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Solution 1d:
f x ln ln ln 2x
165
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Example 2
Find the derivatives of
a) f x 3 x2 x
c) h x 2 e 2 x x 1
b) g x 5 x ln x
d) p x 2 ex2 2x
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Solution 2a:
f x 3 x2 x
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Solution 2b:
g x 5 x ln x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 168
Solution 2c:
hx 2 e 2 x x 1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 169
Solution 2d: Using the Product Rule,
px 2 e x2 2x
V U’ U
170
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Example 3
Find the derivatives of ;
a) y ln(cot x )
b) y e cosec 2x
sin x 2
c) y e
1 tan x
d) y ln
1 tan x
171
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Solution 3a:
y ln(cot x)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 172
Solution 3b:
y e cosec 2x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 173
Solution 3c:
sin x 2
ye
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 174
Solution 3d:
1 tan x
y ln
1 tan x
175
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Overall review: Differentiation
3 General Rules
1 2 3
3x 4
2x x
3
5 sin x xl n x
.
ln
x 1 .
esin x .
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 176
Exercise
1. Differentiate each of the following:
(a) g x ln 1 2 x
3 Hint : g x ln 1 2 x
3
(b) f x 2 x 3 ln x
2 x
2. Given y 3 4 x e , show that
2
d y dy
2
4 4 y 0
dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 177
Answers
6 ln 1 2 x
2
1 (a)
1 2x
(b) 1 3ln x x 2
2 x3 ln x
ln 2
Tutorial Exercise :
Question: (7) , (8)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 178
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 179
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson students
are able to:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 180
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Examples
2x y y 4
2 2
l n ( x y) 2 y 1
2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 181
DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
dy
To find , we need to differentiate each
dx
term with respect to x.
d d dy
g(y) g(y)
dx dy dx
182
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Example 1
Differentiate with respect to x:
(a)
d
dx
y (b)
d
dx
3 y2
(c)
d y
dx
e (d)
d
dx
ln y
(e)
d 2y
dx
e 3y2 6x (f )
d
dx
xy
d x
(g)
dx y
183
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SOLUTION
(a)
d
y (b)
d
dx
3y2
dx
d dy
y
dy dx
dy dy
1
dx dx
d dy
y
dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 184
(c )
d y
dx
e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 185
( e)
d 2y
dx
e 3y2 6x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 187
u
Use the Quotient Rule
d x
g)
u vu ' uv '
'
dx y v
2
v v
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 188
Example 2
dy
Find in terms of x and y if
dx
(a) 3x 2 2 y 2 6 4 y
(b) x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 189
Solution 2a: Procedures:
( a) 3 x 2 y 6 4 y
2 2 Differentiate both
sides with respect
dy dy
6x 4 y 4 to x.
dx dx
dy dy
4 4y 6 x
dx dx
Then, express dy
dy
4(1 y ) 6 x dx
in terms of x and y
dx
dy 6 x 3x 3x
dx 4(1 y ) 2(1 y ) 2( y 1)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 190
Solution 2b: u v
(b) x 2
y x y
2 2 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 191
Example 3
dy
Find :
dx
(a) e x 2 y 3x
y 2 3
(b) y l n( x y )
2 2 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 192
Solution 3a: uv ' vu ' uv '
( a) e y x 2 2 y 3x 3
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 193
Solution 3b: 1
d
ln f x
f x
f x
(b) y l n( x y )
2 2 2 dx
I xD
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 194
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Example 4
dy
Find in terms of x and y if x 2 sin y 2 x y.
dx
Solution:
dx
d 2
d
dx
d
x sin y 2 x y .
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 196
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 197
Example 5
If y xe , show that
3x
2
d y dy
2
6 9 y 0
dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 198
dy d2 y dy d2 y
METHOD 1: ( Find and 2 , then use y, ,
dx 2
dx dx dx
as substitution when it is appropriate )
Solution:
y xe 3x
dy
dx
e (1) x 3e
3x 3x
dy
e 3 x 1 …................. (1)
3x
dx
2
d y
2
3 x 1 3e 3x
e 3x
3 …….(2)
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 199
From (1) and (2):
dy 2
e 3 x 1 ;
3x d y
3e 3x 2
3x
dx dx 2
OR
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 200
METHOD 2: (Differentiate both sides, and then
Solution: simplify)
y xe 3x
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 201
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 202
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 203
Example 6
If y 2 xy 2 x , show that
2 2
2
d y dy dy
2
(y x) 2 2 2 0
dx dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 204
Solution:
Differentiate each term with respect to x :
y 2 xy 2 x
2 2 Use Product Rule
d
2 xy
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 205
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 206
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 207
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 208
Example 7
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 209
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 210
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 211
CONCLUSION
d d dy
1. g ( y) g ( y)
dx dy dx
d dy
2. y
dx dx
3.
d y
dx
e e
y dy
dx
d 1 dy
4. ln y
dx y dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 212
Exercise
dy
1. Find in term of x and y if
dx
a) 3 y 2 y xy x
2 3
x y
b) ln xy e
2. Given that xy sin 3x,
2
d y dy
show that x 2 2 9 xy 0
dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 213
Answers
3x y 2
1 (a).
x 6y 2
(b).
2 xe 1 y
x y
1 2 ye x x y
Tutorial Exercise :
Question: (9) – (17), 23.
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 214
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 215
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson students are
able to:
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 216
Parametric Equation :
Example:
x = t2 , y =t-1
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 217
Parametric Differentiation
If x = f(t) and y = g(t) then by using
dy
the chain Rule we can determine as :
dx
dy dy dt dt 1
where OR
dx dt dx dx dx
dt
dy
dy dt
dx dx
dt
218
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18
Second Order Derivative
d dy
d y dt dx
2
2
dx dx
dt
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 219
Example 1
dy d2y
Find and 2
in terms of the parameter t if :
dx dx
x 2t , y 4t 1
3 2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 220
dy dy dx
Solution : dx dt dt
dx dy
x 2t , y 4t 1
3 2
Find
dt
and
dt
.
dx
,
dy
dt dt
221
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KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 222
Example 2
If x ln 4t and y e
3 3t
2
dy d y
Find and 2
in terms of t.
dx dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 223
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 224
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 225
Example 3
2 1
If x and y .
(1 t ) 2 1 t
2
dy 1 d y
Show that (1 t ) and find 2 .
dx 4 dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 226
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 227
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 228
Example 4
If x te and y e
2t 2t
, find
dy
(i)
dx
2
d y
(ii) 2 when t 0
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 229
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 230
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 231
Example 5
dy
Find in terms of the parameter t if :
dx
1
3
x , y (1 t )
2 2
dy
Hence, find the value of if t 1
dx
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 232
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 233
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 234
Example 6
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 235
Solution :
dy dy dt
dx dt dx
y sin t , xe
t
dy dx dt 1
cos t , e t
t
dt dt dx e
dy 1
cos t t
dx e
cos t
= t
e
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 236
CONCLUSION
dy dy dt dt 1
1. where
dx dt dx dx dx
dt
d dy
d 2 y dt dx
2. 2
dx dx
dt
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 237
Exercise
dy
1. Find in terms of the parameter t if
dx
3
(a) x , y 1 t (b) x cos3t , y 2sin 3t.
2 2
t
dy d2y
2. Find and 2 in terms of t given that
dx dx
1
(a) x , y 3t 2
2
(b) x 3ln t , y 3e
2 t2
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 238
Answers
2
dy d y
t 3 2. (a) = 6t ,
3
=18t 4
1. (a) dx dx 2
3 1 t2
dy 2 t 2 d y t e (t 2 1)
2 2 t2
Tutorial Exercise :
Question: (18) - (22)
KMS/QS015_MATH/2017_18 239