CHEMICAL INTERFACE AND COLLOIDS

THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES TO SOIL QUALITY AND

TOMATOES GROWTH

NOVAL HERFINDO
1303114573

LECTURER: Drs. H. TENGKU ARIFUL AMRI, MS

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITAS RIAU
PEKANBARU
2015
 CHEMICAL INTERFACE AND COLLOIDS

Tomatoes are an important horticultural commodities, but both the quantity

and quality of production is still low. In tomato fruit contained a complete
and essential nutrition for humans. Tomatoes are rich in vitamins and some
antioxidants, including vitamin E and lycopene. In addition, tomatoes contain
natural dietary fiber that is very good for digestion.

Figure 2: Chemical structure of lycopene

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Weather
High-intensity sunlight will produce
vitamin C and carotene (pro-vitamin A)
higher. The growth of tomato plants in
the highlands is better than in lowland
because the plants receive more sunlight
in low temperatures.
Tomatoes Growth

Environment
Grow well at sandy loam soil, friable,
contains a lot of organic matter and
nutrients and easy to secrete water. The
ideal pH of the soil is around 6.0-7.0.

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 CHEMICAL INTERFACE AND COLLOIDS

FAO defines pesticides as "a substance or mixture that intended to prevent,

kill, or control certain pests, including vectors of disease to humans and
animals, plant species or unwanted animals that can cause damage during
production, processing, storage, transportation, or marketing of
agricultural materials (including forest products, fisheries, and livestock).

Pesticides may be divided by its chemical structure, the classification are

shown below:

1. Organochlorine 5. Pyretroid
2. Organophosphate 6. Fumigant
3. Carbamat 7. Petroleum
4. Dinitrofenol 8. Antibiotics

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Water and nutrients can be in contact with the root surface through three
ways, they are:
1. Diffusion in soil solution
2. Passively carried away by the flow of groundwater
3. The roots growth towards the position of the nutrients in the soil matrix
At certain places along the root surface, there is a close contact with the
surface of the soil so that the ions are exchanged directly from the root
surface to the soil particles by a process called contact exchange.

NOVAL HERFINDO, 2016

 CHEMICAL INTERFACE AND COLLOIDS

Pesticides also reduce agricultural biodiversity in the soil, thereby reducing

the rate of nitrogen fixation, loss of pollinators and destroy habitats.

Figure 2: Schematic cycle of Nitrogen

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extension…
Large amounts of pesticides caused pollution to soil and groundwater with
toxic levels of diversity. Degradation of agricultural land has been getting
worse since precipitation of pesticides in the soil for a long time. While
productivity of the soil will decreasing due to the loss of the soil's ability to
produce nutrients. There are some direct effect of pesticides use to
environment.

NOVAL HERFINDO, 2016

 CHEMICAL INTERFACE AND COLLOIDS

Pesticides inhibit nitrogen bonding process which is needed to plant

growth. Insecticides, mainly DDT is known disrupted chemical relationship
between legumes and bacterium Rhizobium.

Figure 3: Chemical structure of DDT

The presence of water in the soil is also very important, because water
is needed in the metabolism of plants. In addition, the required nutrients
plants also absorbed in the form of the ion, so the water is needed in order
to ionise these nutrients.

NOVAL HERFINDO, 2016

 CHEMICAL INTERFACE AND COLLOIDS
extension…
Nutrients in the soil nutrient is absorbed
when it is in contact with the root in the form
of ions. Nutrients will be absorbed by active
transport by root hair.
Pesticides reduces the soil's ability to bind
water, the soil will be eroded, so that the
availability of these ions is reduced. So,
water and nutrients to the plant is reduced
and stunted plant growth Figure 4: Adsorption of nutrients by root hair

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NOVAL HERFINDO, 2016