Strength of Materials

Strength of Materials
 Mechanics of Materials (Also called strength of materials)
is a subject which deals with the behavior of solid objects
to stresses and strains.
 The study of strength of materials often refers to various
methods of calculating the stresses and strains in
structural members such as beams, columns, and shafts.
 A rigid body is defined as a body on which the distance
between two points never changes whatever be the force
applied on it.
Cont.

 STUDY OF EXTERNAL
EFFECTS ON RIGID BODIES

 STUDY OF INTERNAL EFFECTS

AND DEFORMATIONS CAUSED
BY APPLIED LOADS ON RIGID
BODIES
General names of the course
 All branches of Engineering deal with physical systems,
the component parts of which are to be assigned definite
physical sizes, fabricated from MATERIALS.

 Appropriate sizing in necessary for these parts of safety

to withstand the imposed forces on them and at an
optimal cost.

 So, it is essential to study the behavior from the strength

and deformation point of view, as well as the
characterization of different kinds of forces which cause
different types of stresses in the material.
 The subject which deal with the analytical deformation of
the strength, deformation characteristics (stiffness) and
stability of different members is normally designated as
the “Strength of Materials”

 CHARACTERISTICS OF STRENGTH OF MATERIALS:

i. Strength
ii. Stiffness
iii. Stability
 Strength: is the ability of a body to resist deformation
 The Strength of an object is usually considered based on
the maximum load that can borne before failure.
 Stiffness: is the rigidity of an object which is the measure
of the amount of deformation or deflection that a load
causes in a material.

 Stability:
 Structural stability can be defined as the power to
recover equilibrium.
 So, in this course It is expected that every one should
understand:
 The Classification of different kinds of forces that
structural components are subjected to.
 Effects of different forces on such components and their
solution techniques.
 Different types of stresses and deformations that develop
due to forces
STRESS
Introduction
 When a materials is subjected to an external force, a
resisting force is set up with in the component, this
internal resistance force per unit area is called STRESS.

 Force of resistance per unit area of a body against

deformation is called STRESS.
Types of stresses
 Direct stress may by normal stress or shear stress
 Normal Stress (σ): is the stress which acts in direction
perpendicular to the area. It is further classified into
tensile stress and compressive stress.

 Tensile Stress: is the stress induced in a body, when it is

subjected to two equal and opposite pulls (tensile forces)
as a result of which there is a tendency in increase in
length. It acts normal to the area and pulls on the area.
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress (Cont.)
Compressive Stress
 Compressive Stress:- is the stress induced in a body when
subjected to two equal and opposite pushes as a result of
which there is a tendency to decrease in the length of the
body.
 It acts normal to the area and it pushes on the area.
Shear Stress
 Stress induced in a body when subjected to two equal
and apposite forces which are acting tangentially across
the resisting section as a result of which the body tends
to shear off across that section.
Cont.
STRAIN
STRAIN
 Also known as unit deformation. Strain is the ratio of the
change in dimension caused by the applied force to the
original dimension.
Types of Strain
 Tensile strain
 Compressive strain
 Shear Stain

 Tensile strain
 It is the ratio of increase in
length to the original length
Compressive Strain
 It is the ratio of decrease in length to its original length.
Shear Strain
 Shear strain is the ratio of deformation to the original
dimensions
Cont.

Force Stress
Variables in rigid Variables in
Body Mechanics solid mechanics
Displacement Strain
END
Mechanical
Properties of
Materials
Introduction
 The practical application of engineering materials in
manufacturing engineering depends upon a thorough
knowledge of their particular properties under a wide
range of conditions.
 The term “Property” is a qualitative and quantitative
measure of response of materials to externally imposed
conditions like forces and temperatures.
Classification of material property

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PHYSICAL MECHANICAL DIMENSIONAL

Strength
Toughness
Oxidation
Density Stiffness
Corrosion
Conductivity Elasticity Size
Alkalinity
Combustibility Plasticity Shape
Acidity
Ductility
Brittleness
Hardness
Cont.
 The properties of material that determine its behavior
under applied forces are known as “ Mechanical
Properties”
 They are usually related to the elastic and plastic behavior
of the material.
 These properties are expressed as functions of Stress –
Strain.
 A Sound knowledge of mechanical properties of materials
provides the basis for predicting behavior of materials
under different load conditions and designing the
components out of them.
Stress – Strain Diagram
Elastic Behavior
 The curve is straightline throughout most of the elastic
region.
 Stress is proportional to the strain
 Material is linearly elastic

Proportional Limit
 The upper limit to the linear line
 The material responds elastically
 The curve tend to bend and flatten out.
Cont.
Elastic Limit
 Upon reaching this point, if load is removed, the specimen
will still return to its original shape.

Yielding
 A slight increase in stress above the elastic limit will
result in breakdown of the material and cause it to
deform permanently.
 This behavior is called yielding
 The stress which causes yielding is called Yield Stress
 The deformation that occurs is called in this stage is
plastic deformation
 Once the yield point is reached, the specimen will elongate
(strain) without any increase in load.
 When the material is in this state, it is referred to as
perfectly plastic.

Strain Hardening
Is the rise in the curve when further load application after
yielding ends