What is power system

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Basic Power System
An electrical power system provides a means of generating, transmitting
and distributing energy in form of electric current to the ultimate users.
They are mainly classified distributed into three main parts.
 Generation.
 Transmission.
 Distribution
Basic Power System

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Basic Diagram of a Power
System in North America
Generation
Power plants are used for the generation of electrical power on a large
scale. Power plants can be of many types and are mainly classified on the
basis of the type of fuel being used to generate electrical power. Mainly the
energy source for generation of electrical power can be classified into two
types renewable and non renewable.
Following are the different types of plants being employed to generate
electrical power
 Thermal power plants.
 Nuclear Power Plants.
 Hydro Power Plants.
 Solar Power Plants.
Wind Power plants.

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Transmission and Distribution
 The location for electrical power plant is normally near the fuel base.
 The generated power is to be transmitted to the locations where it is
demanded like industries, residential houses etc which we refer to as
loads.
 Since the distances between generation and load is quite high to avoid
copper losses the generated voltage needs to be stepped up to 132kV,
220kV, 500kV etc for Transmission.
 Once the power is dispatched to load centers the voltage is stepped
down to 11kV and then further to 440V for primary and secondary
distribution.
Different Voltage levels for Transmission and distribution as per different
standards are mentioned later in this presentation.

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Rated Voltage Levels according
to EUROPEAN standards
 3.6 kV  145 kV
 7.2 kV  170 kV
 12 kV  245 kV
 17.5 kV  300 kV
 24 kV  362 kV
 36 kV  420 kV
 52 kV  550 kV
 72.5 kV  800 kV
 100 kV
 123 kV

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Rated Voltage Levels according to
NORTH AMERICAN standards
 4.76 kV  420 kV
 8.25 kV  550 kV
 15 kV  800 kV
 25.8 kV
 38 kV
 48.3 kV
 72.5 kV
 300 kV
 362 kV

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Voltage level in Pakistan
Primary Distribution
6.6 KV
11 KV
33 Kv
Transmission
66 KV
132 Kv
220 KV
500 KV

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Distribution . Transmission as
per NEPRA rules
According to NEPRA Act

Voltage below 220 kV is Distribution system

Hence in Pakistan

Transmission voltage 220 Kv and above

Distribution voltage 132 Kv and below .

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 Challenges in Power system
design
Majors
Power system studies
Choice of technology and configuration
Insulation coordination
Continuous and short time current
Protection system
Grounding system
Sub major
Control interlocking
Civil works
Automation SCADA

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Most important Power system
studies
Load Flow / Steady state system study
Short circuit study
Dynamic state stability
Transient state stability

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Why System studies?
To select equipment short time current rating
Sizing for continuous current
Losses calculation
Voltage profile
Energy management
Selection of relays speed
Insulation coordination
System stability/ restoration
Overloading on lines, transformer, generator

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 Basic Information Required
 Local Utility specification
Local utility standards, rules, regulations policies
 Nominal Voltage
 Maximum Operating Voltage
 System Frequency
 System Grounding
 System Impedance Data
 Basic information required
 Generation types location . Values
 Maximum Operating Voltage
 System Grounding
Pollution degree
Altitude
Environmental data
Load
Factors For Correct Technology
Choice
 Location (Outdoor Rural, Outdoor Urban, Indoor).
 Climatic Conditions.
 Construction, Site Conditions, Soil Foundations, Impact on existing
services.
 Accessibility.
 Complexity of Design.
 Manufacturing; Local and foreign.
Factors For Correct Technology
Choice
 Specifications.
 Impact on Environment ( Noise, KMC, Leakages, Aesthetic).
 Operation.
 Human Resource Availability for O&M.
 Tools.
 Safety.
 Cost.
 Dependency on Foreign goods and expertise.
Components of A Power System
(detailed)
Primary System
Consisting of high voltage and
medium voltage equipment
including:  Lightning arrestor

 Power Transformer  PLC

 circuit breaker  underground cables,

 Switchgear  Bus-bar system

 disconnectors/isolators  post insulators

 CT, PT  energy meters

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 Components of A Power System
(detailed)
Secondary System
 Control, Interlocking Schemes  HV AC
specific to bus-bar configurations
 Fire safety
 Protection system for transformer,
bus-bar, TX line, MV feeders  Lightning safety

 Auxiliary AC, DC supply  Communication system

 Grounding System  Energy management

 SCADA (Fiber optic, PLC)  Battery and chargers

 Substation automation  Outdoor/indoor lightning

Annunciation system  Civil Works

Grid-Station
A grid station is a crucial element of the electricity network.
Grid stations generally have switching, protection and control
equipment, as well as transformers. Other devices such as capacitor
banks may also be located at a grid station.

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Types of GRID Stations
According to the technology:

 AIS (Air-Insulated Substation)

 GIS (Gas Insulated Substation)
 MTS (Multi-Technology Substation)
 COMPARISON B/W AIS & GIS
Ser Description AIS GIS

Right from the After

1 Need of Maintenance
beginning 10-15 Years

2 Frequency of Maintenance High Low

3 Bus bar Maintenance Required Not Required

4 Breakdown due to Humidity High Low

5 Pollution Sensitivity Most Sensitive Less Sensitive

6 Nearness to Coastal Area Less Suitable More Suitable

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 COMPARISON B/W AIS & GIS

Ser Description AIS GIS

7 Labor Intensive High Low

8 Skilled Labor Low High

Switchyard Fire / Hazard due to external

9 High Almost Nil
aggression

Switchyard Lighting / Energy

10 High Low
requirement (kWh)

11 Height of Building High Low

Building blends with surrounding

12 No Yes
structures

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Latest development last year
Floroketone Gas insulated Substation
 Global warning impact 99.9 percent less than SF6
 less harmful compared to SF 6
 Dielectric properties same as SF6

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Benefits of gas-insulated transmission lines

Gas-insulated transmission lines (GIL) have already proven their

technical reliability for a number of decades, since they offer
outstanding safety in operation and even in the event of failure,

in addition to their very good transmission performance. Any

impact on individuals or neighboring resources can be largely
ruled out. That means GIL systems can also be used in existing
tunnels or in, or close to, buildings.

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Gas-insulated transmission lines consist of two concentric aluminum tubes.
The inner conductor rests on cast-resin insulators, which center it within the
outer sheath. This casing is formed from a stable aluminum tube, which
ensures a solid mechanical and electrotechnical encapsulation for the
system.

To satisfy the latest environmental and technical aspects, GIL systems are
filled with an insulating gas mixture consisting mainly of nitrogen and a
smaller proportion of SF₆ (sulfur hexafluoride).

The tubes are made of a corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy, and are

provided with an additional coating if they are laid directly in the ground.
Their modular design enables them to be combined to any length. Typical
GIL systems have a modular length of up to 1 kilometer.

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GIL is a reliable solution: The gas insulation creates a physical
similarity to an overhead line, which means these two types of
system can be combined very well from an operational
perspective.

There is no need for costly devices at the interfaces between the

GIL system and the overhead lines. Cost-efficiency is boosted by
the system’s lengthy service life (40 years and above). Electrical
losses are kept comparatively low due to the large conductor
cross section of the GIL system.

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Bus Bar Schemes in Pakistan
 Single Bus Bar Scheme
 Ring/Mesh Scheme
 Double Bus Bar with Single Breaker
 Double Bus Bar with One and a Half Breaker

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME

BUS
ISOLATOR

BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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 SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME
 Advantage –Lowest cost

 Disadvantage:

Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.

Sub station can not be extended without completely de-energizing the sub station

Can be used only where loads can be interrupted or have other supply
arrangements.
Least flexibility.

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

BUS SECTION-1 BUS SECTION-2

SECTIONALISER ISOLATOR

BREAKER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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SINGLE BUS BAR SCHEME WITH BUS SECTIONALISER

Sectionalizing the single bus improves slightly the reliability if the incoming
and out going circuits are distributed evenly on both the sections.

 Where double feed is provided for any single load it is preferable to have
one circuit from each section.

 In this arrangement each section behaves as a separate bus bar and any
outage can be confined to one section of the bus bar.

 Only the faulty section will be tripped by bus differential protection.

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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

BUS-1

BUS-2

BUS COUPLER
BREAKER

BREAKER

POWER TRANSFORMER

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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

 This arrangement has the following advantages:

 Each load may be fed from either bus.
 Operational flexibility may be increased by grouping the incoming
and out going feeders in separate groups.
 Either bus bar can be taken out for maintenance.
 Bus coupler helps in ‘on load change over ‘from one bus to the other.
 Adopted where load and continuity justify additional cost.
 A major disadvantage is that the breaker can not be taken out for
maintenance without interrupting supply to the concerned circuit.

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DOUBLE BUS BAR WITH ONE BREAKER PER CIRCUIT

 Bus protection scheme may cause loss of sub station

when it operates if all circuits are connected to that
bus.
 High exposure to bus faults.
 Line breaker failure takes all circuits connected to that
bus out of service.
 Bus tie breaker failure takes the entire sub station out
of service.

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 RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME

ISOLATOR

BREAKER

LINE

POWER TRANSFORMER

LINE

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RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
 In this scheme the breakers are arranged in a ring with circuits
connected between breakers.

 There are the same number of circuits as there are breakers.

 During normal operation, all breakers are closed. For a circuit

fault, two breakers are tripped, and in the event one of the
breaker fails to operate to clear the fault, an additional circuit
will be tripped by operation of breaker- failure back up relays.

 During breaker maintenance, the ring is broken, but all lines

remain in service.
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RING BUS OR MESH SCHEME
 The circuits connected to the ring are arranged so that sources are
alternated with loads.

 For an extended circuit outage, the line isolator may be opened and
the ring can be closed.

 No changes to protective relays are required for any of the various

operating conditions or during maintenance.

 The ring bus scheme is economical in cost, has good reliability, is safe
for operation, is flexible, and is normally considered suitable for
important sub stations up to a limit of five circuits.

 It is common practice to build major sub stations initially as a ring

bus; for more than five outgoing circuits, the ring bus is usually
developed to the breaker-and-a-half scheme. 50

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BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

BUS-1
ISOLATOR

BREAKER

LINE

TIE BREAKER

BUS-2 51

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BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

The breaker and a half scheme, some times called the

three switch scheme, has three breakers in series
between the main buses.

Two circuits are connected between the three

breakers, hence the term breaker and a half.

This pattern is repeated along the main buses so that

one and a half breakers are used for each circuit.
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BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

 Under normal operating conditions all breakers are closed and both
buses are energized.
 A circuit is tripped by opening the two associated circuit breakers.
 Tie breaker failure will trip one additional circuit, but no additional
circuit is lost if a line trip involves failure of a bus breaker.
 Either bus may be taken out of service at any time with no loss of
service.
 With sources connected opposite loads, it is possible to operate with
both buses out of service.
 Breaker maintenance can be done with no loss of service, no relay
changes, and simple operation of the breaker isolators.

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BREAKER -AND -A -HALF SCHEME

The breaker-and-a-half arrangement is more expensive

than other schemes, except the double-breaker-
double-bus scheme.

However, the breaker-and-a-half scheme is superior in

flexibility, reliability, and safety.

Protective relaying and automatic re-closing schemes

are more complex than for other schemes and hence
costly.
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Comparison between frequently used bus bar schemes in Pakistan

Double Bus
Double Bus
Single Bus Ring Bus Breaker and a
Single Breaker
Half
Safe for Simple and Safe
Simplest Flexible
operation Operation

Flexible
operation for
Lowest Cost Highly Reliable Flexible
breaker
maintenance
Advantages
Easily extended Reliable Highly Reliable
Maintenance
can be done
Requires less
without
area
interrupting
load

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Comparison between frequently used bus bar schemes in Pakistan

Double Bus
Double Bus
Single Bus Ring Bus Breaker and a
Single Breaker
Half
Complex
Complex auto
Difficult protective High exposure
reclosing
Maintenance relaying to bus faults
schemes
circuitry
Bus tie breaker
failure takes
Least flexibility entire Costly
Dis-advantages
substation out
of service
Cannot be
extended
without de-
energizing sub-
station

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List of Protection for
Transformer
Over-current protection.
 Earth fault protection.
 Restricted Earth Fault protection.
 Differential Relay.

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List of Protection on
Transformer
Buchholz Relay.
 Temperature Alarm.
 Temperature Trip Device.
 Pressure Relief.
 Arcing horns.

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List of Protection for
Transmission Line or Feeders
 Time Graded Over Current Protection
 Phase Comparison or Differential Protection .
 Distance Protection.

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SCADA SIGNALLING MATRIX FOR POWER
SYSTEM

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 SCADA Overview
 SCADA Systems are highly distributed systems used to control geographically
dispersed assets, often scattered over thousands of square kilometer.
 A SCADA Control center performs centralized monitoring and control for field sites
over long distance communication networks, including monitoring alarms and
processing status data.
 Based on the information received from remote stations, automated or operator
driven supervisory commands can be pushed to remote station control devices which
are often referred to as field devices.
 Field devices control local operations such as opening and closing valves and
breakers, collecting data from sensor systems and monitoring local environment for
alarm conditions.
 SCADA Systems.
 SCADA systems are used to control dispersed assets where centralized data acquisition is
as important as control. These systems are used in distribution systems such as water
distribution and wastewater collection systems, oil and natural gas pipelines, electrical
utility transmission and distribution systems.
 SCADA systems integrate data acquisition systems with data transmission systems and
HMI software to provide a centralized monitoring and control system for numerous
process inputs and outputs.
 SCADA systems are designed to collect field information, transfer it to a central
computer facility, and display the information to the operator graphically or textually,
thereby allowing the operator to monitor or control an entire system from a central
location in near real time.
 Based on the sophistication and setup of the individual system, control of any individual
system, operation, or task can be automatic, or it can be performed by operator
commands.

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 SCADA Systems.
 Typical hardware includes a control server placed at a control center, communications
equipment (e.g., radio, telephone line, cable, or satellite), and one or more geographically
distributed field sites consisting of Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) and/or PLCs, which
controls actuators and/or monitors sensors.
 The control server stores and processes the information from RTU inputs and outputs,
while the RTU or PLC controls the local process.
 The communications hardware allows the transfer of information and data back and
forth between the control server and the RTUs or PLCs.
 The software is programmed to tell the system what and when to monitor, what
parameter ranges are acceptable, and what response to initiate when parameters change
outside acceptable values.

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 SCADA Systems.
 An Intelligent Electronic Device (IED), such as a protective relay, may communicate
directly to the control server, or a local RTU may poll the IEDs to collect the data and pass
it to the control server. Other control center components include the HMI, engineering
workstations, and the data historian, which are all connected by a LAN.
 The control center collects and logs information gathered by the field sites, displays
information to the HMI, and may generate actions based upon detected events. The
control center is also responsible for centralized alarming, trend analyses, and reporting.

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 SCADA Systems.
Field sites are often equipped with a remote access capability to allow operators to
perform remote diagnostics and repairs usually over a separate dial up modem or WAN
connection.
 Standard and proprietary communication protocols running over serial and network
communications are used to transport information between the control center and field
sites using telemetry techniques such as telephone line, cable, fiber, and radio frequency
such as broadcast, microwave and satellite.

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Points To remember

Simple alarms are represented by Single

indication signals
 All switches and two state devices have
double indication.

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SCADA USE in Electric system
Real Time monitoring of
 Switchgear status
Load flow on Transmission line
Load flow on 11 KV feeders
Load on Transformer s
Plantwise Generation
Indivdual Machine Generation
Syestem Frequency
System Voltage

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SCADA for operation and
Control

Switching of circuit breaker

Operation of disconnectors
Time recording of opeartion
Sequence recording

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Immediate information of tripping
Alarm indication
Relay opearion sequence
Relay opearion data

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System planning help by data archiving
Real time data simulation
Fault location

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SACADA command examples
Circuit breaker ON, Off,
Bus bar Isolator On Off
Line isolator ON Off
Earthing isolator ON Off

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SCADA indication signals
Breaker ON Off
Isolator ON OFF
Breaker trip
Isolator On OFF
Earthing isolator ON Off

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 Signals from Relays example
Transformer
 over current
Bucholz Alarm
Bucholz trip
Temperature Alarm trip
Earth fault relay
Breaker lock out
Differential relay trip
Distance relay trip
Pressure relief trip
Low oil alarm
Fan trip alarm

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Transmission Line protection
Signals
Distance relay operated
Distance relay trip
Distance relay alarm
Distance relay Zone 1, 2 3, Non directional
Carrier trip
Overcurrent back up trip
Differential trip

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