Lecture – 27

Advanced Computer Networks

(MCA-206)

by
Ruby Dahiya (Faculty – IT, IITM)
 Task Menu for Today

• Transaction and its characteristic

• Modifications for Transaction Handling
• Implementation of T/TCP Extension

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 Transaction
• TCP provides a virtual-circuit transport service.
• Transaction: A client request followed by a server
response.
• The transaction protocol is called T/TCP. (RFC 1379)
• Characteristics of Transaction:
1. Overhead of Connection establishment and
termination should be reduced.
2. Latency should be reduced to RTT+SPT
3. The server should detect duplicate requests and
not replay the transaction.
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 Modifications for TCP

• Two modifications required for TCP to handle

transactions are:

1.To avoid the three-way handshake.

2. Shorten the Time_Wait state.

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Modification-1 (Avoid 3-way handshake)
a) Assign a 32-bit connection count(CC).
b) Every segment using T/TCP includes a new option
named CC and is of 6-bytes.
c) A host maintains a per-host cache of the last CC value
received in an acceptable SYN segment from that
host.
d) On initial SYN, compare the received CC option with
the cached value. If (CC value > Cached value), the
SYN is new. If not greater or not found in cache , then
normal 3-way handshake is performed.
e) SYN, ACK segment echoes the received CC value in
another new option named CCECHO.
f) CC value in a non-SYN segment detects and rejects
any duplicate segments from previous incarnations of
the same connection. 5
Modification-2 (Short TIME_WAIT state)
• By calculating the TIME_WAIT delay
dynamically.
• Calculation is based on the measured RTT
between the two hosts.
• The TIME_WAIT delay is set to 8 times RTO,
the retransmission timeout value.

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 Minimal Transaction Sequence
• Client to server, caused by an active open:
client-SYN, client-data(the request),client-FIN,
and client-CC.
• Server to client:server-SYN, server-
data(reply),server-FIN, ACK of client-FIN,
server-CC, and CCECHO of client-CC.
• Client to server: ACK of server-FIN, which
acknowledges the server’s SYN, data and FIN.
NOTE: Appealing feature of T/TCP is backward
compatibility with existing implementations.
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