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Cardiac Medications
Overview
• Inotropes • Diuretics
• Chronotropes • Anticoagulants
• Antianginal Agents • Fibrinolytic
• Antidysrhythmics Enzymes
• Sympathomimetics • Beta Blockers
• Vasopressors • Ca Channel
blockers
Inotropes
Inotropes
• Agents that affect myocardial contraction
• Positive Inotropes
– Cardiac glycosides
– Bypyridine derivatives (Milrinone)
– PDE-I (Theophylline)
– Catecholamines
• Negative Inotropes
– BB
– CCB
– Class IA & IC anti-arrhythmics
Class Participation Question #1
Which of the following is an
example of a positive inotrope?
a) Docusate
b) Digoxin
c) HCTZ
d) Propranolol
e) Nitroglycerin
Class Participation Question #1
Which of the following is an
example of a positive inotrope?
a) Docusate
b) Digoxin
c) HCTZ
d) Propranolol
e) Nitroglycerin
Cardiac Glycosides
• Prototype: Digoxin (Lanoxin®, Digitek®,
Lanoxicaps®)
Digoxin MOA
Digoxin (cont’d)
• Indications/dosage:
– Afib & HF
• LD: 10-15 mcg/kg IV or PO, given in 3 divided doses every 6-
8 hrs, with the first dose equalling approximately 1/2 the total
• MD: 125-350 mcg PO or IV per day, depending on CrCl,
given in 1-2 divided doses
• CrCL < 60 requires renal adjustment
• Monitoring
– ECG
– serum Ca
– Scr/BUN
– serum Mg
– serum K
Class Participation Question 2:
AJ is a 54 year old male weighing 50kg who
has class III heart failure. AJ’s doctor will
be starting him on Digoxin therapy.
Calculate the Digoxin LOADING dose.
Class Participation Question 2:
AJ is a 54 year old male weighing 50kg who has
class III heart failure. AJ’s doctor will be starting
him on Digoxin therapy. Calculate the Digoxin
LOADING dose.
• Recall
– LD: 10-15 mcg/kg IV or PO, given in 3 divided doses
every 6-8 hrs, with the first dose equalling
approximately 1/2 the total
Class Participation Question 2:
• TOTAL dose
100 kg x 10 mcg = 1000 mcg total
kg
Nitroglycerin
• Uses
– restore normal cardiac
rhythm
– Successful conversion
of an arrhythmia
depends on the type of
arrhythmia present
Antidysrhythmics/Antiarrhythmics
• 4 major classes
– Class I
• Class IA
• Class IB
• Class IC
– Class II
– Class III
– Class IV
Cardiac Action Potential
4: resting membrane
potential; steady K+
flux
0: Na+ influx into cell
1: K+ efflux
2: K+ efflux & Ca+
influx
3: K+ efflux
Class Participation Question #4:
True or False?
Answer: TRUE
The Catch 22 with Antiarrhythmics
– Stokes-Adams syndrome
– Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
– severe degrees of sinoatrial, AV or intraventricular
block in absence of pacemaker
– ophthalmic use
Class IC
• prototype: Flecainide (Tambocor®)
• Propafenone (Rhythmol®)
Flecainide – Class IC
• MOA
– Blocks fast Na channels depresses the upstroke of the
action potential, which is manifested as a decrease in the
maximal rate of phase 0 depolarization.
– significantly slow His-Purkinje conduction and cause QRS
widening
– shorten the action potential of Purkinje fibers without
affecting the surrounding myocardial tissue.
• Indications
– Afib
– Atrial flutter
– Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias
– Ventricular tachycardia prophylaxis
– Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Flecainide – Class IC
• Adverse Reactions
– visual impairment, dizziness, asthenia, edema, abdominal
pain, constipation, headache, fatigue, and tremor, N/V,
arrhea, dyspepsia, anorexia, rash, diplopia, hypoesthesia,
paresthesia, paresis, ataxia, flushing, increased sweating,
vertigo, syncope, somnolence, tinnitus, anxiety, insomnia,
and depression.
• Avoid in
– CHF
– Acute MI
– Hx of MI (LVEF < 30%)
• Monitoring
– ECG
– serum creatinine/BUN: baseline
Class II – Beta Blockers
• Propranolol (Inderal®)
• Acebutolol (Sectral®)
• Atenolol (Tenormin®)
• Betaxolol (Kerlone®)
• Bisoprolol (Zebeta®)
• Carvedilol (Coreg®)
• Esmolol (Brevibloc®)
• Metoprolol(Toprol®, Lopressor®)
• Nadolol (Corgard®)
• Timolol (Blocadron®)
Propranolol Warning
• 2 situations in which propranolol requires
extreme caution
– AV block
– CHF
– Asthma or emphysema
Class III
• K+ channel blockers
• Drugs:
– Prototype: Amiodarone (Cordarone)
– Bretylium (Bretylol)
– Sotalol (Betapace)
Amiodarone – Class III
MOA
– noncompetitively inhibits alpha- and beta-receptors,
– possesses both vagolytic and calcium-channel
blocking properties
– relaxes both smooth and cardiac muscle
• Indications
– Vfib
– Vtach
Vfib Amiodarone Dosage
• po
– Initially, 800-1600 mg/day PO in single or divided doses
for a minimum of 1-3 weeks in a monitored setting until
an initial therapeutic response is achieved
– followed by 600-800 mg/day PO in one or divided doses
for about one month.
– Then reduce dosage again to the lowest effective
maintenance dose, usually 400 mg/day PO in one or
divided doses
• iv
– initial IV rapid infusion of 150 mg over the first 10
minutes. Then begin a slow IV infusion of 1 mg/min for
the next 6 hours (total dose infused = 360 mg). Then,
the infusion rate is lowered to 0.5 mg/min for the next 18
hours (total dose infused = 540 mg). After the first 24
hours, a maintenance IV infusion of 0.5 mg/minute (720
mg/day) is recommended.
Amiodarone – Adverse Reactions
• Cardiovascular: exacerbation of the arrhythmias, CHF (3%) and bradycardia.
Cardiac arrhythmias, CHF, sinoatrial node dysfunction (1% to 3%); cardiac conduction
abnormalities, hypotension (less than 1%)
• CNS: 20% to 40% of patients and including malaise and fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, poor
coordination & gait, & tremor and involuntary movements; they are rarely a reason to stop
therapy and may respond to dose reductions or discontinuation; Abnormal gait/ataxia,
dizziness, lack of coordination, malaise and fatigue, paresthesias, tremor/abnormal involuntary
movements (4% to 9%); decreased libido, headache, insomnia, sleep disturbances (1% to 3%).
• Dermatologic: ~15% of patients, with photosensitivity being most common (approximately
10%). Sunscreen and protection from sun exposure may be helpful, and drug discontinuation is
not usually necessary. Prolonged exposure to amiodarone occasionally results in a blue-gray
pigmentation; Solar dermatitis/photosensitivity (4% to 9%); alopecia, blue skin discoloration,
rash, spontaneous ecchymosis (less than 1%).
• Endocrine: Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism (1% to 3%).
• GI: GI complaints, most commonly anorexia, constipation, N/V (10% to 33%); anorexia,
constipation (4% to 9%); abdominal pain (1% to 3%)
• Hepatic: Abnormal liver function tests (4% to 9%); nonspecific hepatic disorders (1% to 3%)
• Ophthalmic: optic neuropathy and/or optic neuritis, in some cases progressing to corneal
degeneration, eye discomfort, lens opacities, macular degeneration, papilledema, permanent
blindness, photosensitivity, and scotoma, have been reported . Asymptomatic corneal
microdeposits are present in virtually all adult patients who have been on the drug for more than
6 months. Some patients develop eye symptoms of dry eyes, halos, and photophobia. Vision is
rarely affected and drug discontinuation is rarely needed. Visual disturbances (4% to 9%)
• Respiratory: Fibrosis, pulmonary inflammation (4% to 9%)
• Miscellaneous: Abnormal salivation, abnormal taste and smell, coagulation abnormalities,
edema, flushing (1% to 3%).
Amiodarone – Class III (cont’d)
• Monitoring
– CBC
– chest x-ray
– ECG
– LFTs
– ophthalmologic exam
– PFTs: baseline
– thyroid function tests (TFTs)
Class IV
• Ca channel blockers
• Drugs
– Adenosine (Adenocard ®)
– Diltiazim (Cardizem®, Tiazac®)
– Verapamil (Dovera®, Isoptin®, Calan®)
• Clinical Effects
– widen the blood vessels
– may decrease the heart’s pumping strength
Sympathomimetics
Sympathomimetics
• 2 classes: • SE:
– α- agonist
– hypertension,
• Phenylephrine
– excessive cardiac
• Clonidine stimulation
• Oxymetazoline – cardiac arrhythmias
• Tetrahydralazine
– Long-term use increases
• Xylometazoline mortality in heart failure
patients.
– β-agonist • CI
• Prototype: Epinephrine
– CAD
• Norepinephrine
• Dopamine
• Dobutamine
• Isoproterenol
Epinephrine
• “fight or flight “hormone
• Aka “adrenaline”
• increases heart rate
and stroke volume
• dilates the pupils
• constricts arterioles in
the skin and
gastrointestinal tract
while dilating arterioles
in skeletal muscles
Epinephrine MOA
Epinephrine (cont’d)
• Indications • IV Dosage
– Vfib – IV: 1 mg (10 ml of a
– Ventricular asystole 1:10,000 solution) IV;
– Cardiac arrest may repeat every 3-5
minutes
– Pulseless electrical
– Each dose may be
activity
given by peripheral
injection followed by a
20 ml flush of IV fluid.
Epinephrine
• Common Adverse Effects
– anxiety or nervousness
– dry mouth
– drowsiness or dizziness
– headache
– increased sweating
– nausea
– weakness or tiredness
• Monitoring
– ECG: in patients receiving IV therapy
– PFTs
Vasopressors
Vasopressors
• Vasoconstrictors vs. Vasodilators
• 2 Vasoconstrictor Classes
– Sympathomimetics
– Vasopressin Analogs
• Vasodilators
• Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (alpha-blockers)
• Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
• Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (b2-agonists)
• Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs)
• Centrally acting sympatholytics
• Direct acting vasodilators
• Endothelin receptor antagonists
• Ganglionic blockers
• Nitrodilators
• Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
• Potassium-channel openers
• Renin inhibitors
Vasoconstrictor
• any agent that produces vasoconstriction
and a rise in blood pressure (usually
understood as increased arterial pressure)
• Drugs
– Prototype: Vasopressin
– Epinephrine
– Dobutamine
– Dopamine
– Norepinephrine
Vasopressin
• aka : “AVP” or “ADH”
• MOA
– ↑ the resorption of
water at the renal
collecting ducts
– Vasoconstrictive
property: stimulates
the contraction of
vascular smooth
muscle in coronary,
splanchnic, GI,
pancreatic, skin, and
muscular vascular
beds
Vasopressin (cont’d)
• FDA indication: Diabetes Insipidus
• Non-FDA indications
– Cardiac arrest
– Cardiogenic shock
– Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
– Hypotension
– Septic shock
– And many more….
Vasopressin (cont’d)
• Monitoring
– serum osmolality
– serum Na
Diuretics
Diuretics
• “water pill”
• Promotes formation
of urine by the
kidney forced
diuresis
• Uses
– HTN
– Edema
– Glaucoma
– Anuria
Diuretic Properties
Diuretic agent Site of Action & Misc.
Chlorothiazide PO/IV Distal Tubule
Hydrochlorothiazide Calcium Reabsorption Increased
Indapamide May transiently increase Lipids, BG and UA
Metolazone (Mykrox) Hypomagnesemia (may complicate K+ correction)
Severe Potassium Depletion – Creation of Combos ???
Pregnancy categories: B and C
Furosemide Ascending Limb of Henle
Torsemide Ototoxocity (reversible and irreversible)
Bumetanide Hypokalemia (supplement with K+)
Ethacrynic acid Pregnancy categories: B
• CI/Precautions
– Sulfa allergy
– Kidney failure
– Anuria
Anticoagulants
Antiplatelets/Anticoagulants
• Dosage
– Initially, 2-5 mg PO or IV once daily, with dosage
adjustments made according to INR result
Warfarin Warnings
Bleeding Risk!
• Warfarin can cause major or fatal bleeding. Bleeding is more
likely to occur during the starting period and with a higher dose
(resulting in a higher international normalized ratio [INR]). Risk
factors for bleeding include high intensity of anticoagulation (INR of
more than 4), 65 years of age and older, highly variable INRs,
history of GI bleeding, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease,
serious heart disease, anemia, malignancy, trauma, renal function
impairment, concomitant drugs, and long duration of warfarin
therapy. Regular monitoring of INR should be performed on all
treated patients. Those at high risk of bleeding may benefit from
more frequent INR monitoring, careful dose adjustment to desired
INR, and a shorter duration of therapy. Patients should be
instructed about prevention measures to minimize risk of
bleeding and to report immediately to health care provider
signs and symptoms of bleeding
• Pregnancy Category X
Warfarin (cont’d)
• SE
– Hemorrhage: Signs of severe bleeding resulting in the loss of large
amounts of blood depend upon the location and extent of bleeding.
Symptoms include: chest, abdomen, joint, muscle, or other pain;
difficult breathing or swallowing; dizziness; headache; low blood
pressure; numbness and tingling; paralysis; shortness of breath;
unexplained shock; unexplained swelling; weakness
• Monitoring
– INR
– prothrombin time (PT)
– stool guaiac
– bleeding
– DDIs
• NSAIDs
• 3 G’s
– Garlic
– Ginger
– Ginsing
– Vitamin K intake
Class Participation Question #5:
• Indications:
– HTN
– Angina
– Migraine prophylaxis
– Brain aneurysm complications
– Arrhythmia
– Reynaud's disease
– Pulmonary HTN
CCBs (cont’d)
Drugs:
• Amlodipine (Norvasc®)
• Diltiazem (Cardizem LA®, Dilacor XR®,
Tiazac®)
• Felodipine (Plendil®)
• Isradipine (DynaCirc CR®)
• Nicardipine (Cardene®, Cardene SR®)
• Nifedipine (Procardia®, Procardia XL®, Adalat
CC®)
• Nisoldipine (Sular®)
• Verapamil (Calan®, Verelan®, Covera-HS®)
Amlodipine
• Indications
– hypertension, chronic stable angina pectoris,
and Prinzmetal's variant angina
• Dosage
– Initially, 5 mg PO qd
– Maximum dosage is 10 mg qd
Amlodipine
http://online.factsandcomparisons.com/MonoDisp.aspx?
monoID=fandc-
hcp10122&inProdGen=true&quick=Amlodipine&search=Amlodipine
Amlodipine
• Monitoring
– No lab monitoring needed
• CI
– Known sensitivity to amlodipine
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