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Figure 12.2 Interest Rate on Treasury Bonds and the Inflation Rate,
1973–2013 (January of each year)
• Two types
─ General obligation bonds
─ Revenue bonds
• NOT default-free (e.g., Orange County
California)
─ Defaults in 1990 amounted to $1.4 billion in this
market
• Call Provisions
─ Higher required yield
─ Mechanism to adhere to a sinking fund provision
─ Interest of the stockholders
─ Alternative opportunities
• Conversion
─ Some debt may be converted to equity
─ Similar to a stock option, but usually more limited
• Secured Bonds
─ Mortgage bonds
─ Equipment trust certificates
• Unsecured Bonds
─ Debentures
─ Subordinated debentures
─ Variable-rate bonds
• Junk Bonds
─ Debt that is rated below BBB
─ Often, trusts and insurance companies are not
permitted to invest in junk debt
─ Michael Milken developed this market in the mid-
1980s, although he was subsequently convicted
of insider trading
Solution:
1. Identify the cash flows:
─ $50 is received every six months in interest
─ $1000 is received in two years as principal
repayment
2. Find the present value of the cash flows
(calculator solution):
─ N = 4, FV = 1000, PMT = 50, I = 6
─ Computer the PV. PV = 965.35