1

PCHidalgo, J.D.
 At the end of the lesson students are expected to be able to interpret
footnotes with consistency.
 At the end of the lesson students are expected to be able to identify
and locate the cited source.
 At the end of the lesson students are expected to be able to identify the
source’s nature by looking at the citation itself.
 At the end of the lesson students are expected to be able to properly
cite legal sources.

PCHidalgo, J.D. 2
 Constitutions, codified statutes and Rules of Court
 Ordinary Statutes ad treaties
 Judicial Decisions
 Books and non-periodical publications
 Journals and other periodicals
 Other documents
 Internet sources

PCHidalgo, J.D. 3
4

PCHidalgo, J.D.
 Cite an author’s name AS THE SOURCE LISTS it BUT omit the middle initials
unless author is popularly known by these.

 EXAMPLE
 Phoebe Corazon Hidalgo

 NOT
 Phoebe Corazon C. Hidalgo

 BUT
 Jose B.L. Reyes
 Vicente V. Mendoza

PCHidalgo, J.D. 5
 Cite their names using an ampersand

 EXAMPLE
 Nestor Cajes & Phoebe Corazon Hidalgo

 NOT
 Nestor Cajes and Phoebe Corazon Hidalgo

PCHidalgo, J.D. 6
 Cite the name of the first author and add “et al.”

 EXAMPLE
 Nestor Cajes et al.

 NOT
 Nestor Cajes, et al.
 Nestor Cajes, Gerardo Murillo & Phoebe Corazon Hidalgo

PCHidalgo, J.D. 7
 FOR: Juridical persons, business, governmental agencies, and organizations
 Use the full name, but apply the abbreviations below in both body and footnote
 Never abbreviate the first word of a name

Association Ass’n Incorporated Inc.

Brothers Bros. Limited Ltd.
Company Co. Number No.
Corporation Corp.

 EXAMPLE
 Bukidnon Second Electric Cooperative, Inc.

 NOT
 Bukidnon Second Electric Cooperative, Incorporated

PCHidalgo, J.D. 8
 You may use a more familiar name
 HOW?
 Add a parenthetical “(hereinafter”<name>”)” after the name, the us the shortened
name for succeeding footnotes and supra references.
 When using words in ALL CAPS of four letter or more, reduce font size by one point for
that word only.

 EXAMPLE
 Bukidnon Second Electric Cooperative, Incorporated (hereinafter “BUSECO”)

PCHidalgo, J.D. 9
10

PCHidalgo, J.D.
 Use a more conversational <month> <day>, <year> format
 Abbreviate names of months the first three letters

 EXAMPLE
 Feb. 2, 1986

PCHidalgo, J.D. 11
12

PCHidalgo, J.D.
 CANNOT be used for articles, chapters and similar references
 HOW?
 Use a COMMA to separate each page reference
 For consecutive ones, use a DASH and omit all but the last two digits unless this
would be confusing

 EXAMPLE
 1136, 1235, 1139-45, 1149-1250
 CIVIL CODE, art. 1136-40

 NOT
 1136, 1235, 1139-1145, 1149-50

PCHidalgo, J.D. 13
 In general, to avoid confusion or to clearly indicate a page number, the reference is
PRECEDED by a comma and then the word “at”
 ONLY FOR PAGES

 EXAMPLE
 No. A-13-24, at 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines: A Commentary, at xxxvii (2003).

 NOT
 No. A-13-24, 2
 No. A-13-24, p. 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines: A Commentary, at xxxvii (2003).

PCHidalgo, J.D. 14
 In general, to avoid confusion or to clearly indicate a page number, the reference is
PRECEDED by a comma and then the word “at”
 ONLY FOR PAGES

 EXAMPLE
 No. A-13-24, at 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines: A Commentary, at xxxvii (2003).

 NOT
 No. A-13-24, 2
 No. A-13-24, p. 2
JOAQUIN BERNAS, S.J., The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the
Philippines: A Commentary, at xxxvii (2003).

PCHidalgo, J.D. 15
 Precede the reference with “art.”, “ch.” or “tit.”, respectively
 Use the designation in the source

 EXAMPLE
 art. VIII

 NOT
 Art. VIII
 Article VIII

PCHidalgo, J.D. 16
 PRECEDE the reference with the section (“§”) symbol followed by a
space.
 Use parenthesis to refer to specific subsections

 EXAMPLE
 art. VIII § 1 (a)

 NOT
 art. VIII Sec. 1 (a)
 art. VIII S 1, at a

PCHidalgo, J.D. 17
 PRECEDE the reference with two section (“§§”) symbols
 Use COMMAS to indicate the different sections and DASHES for
consecutive sections
 When dashes would be confusing because the source designates
subsections using dashes, use “to” instead

 EXAMPLE
 § § 1,3, 6-9
 § 1-2 to 1-5

PCHidalgo, J.D. 18
 Use a dash but enclose each subsection in parenthesis

 EXAMPLE
 § 1 (a) – (e)
 § 1 (a), (b), (e) – (g)

 NOT
 § 1 (a–e)
 § 1 (4-5)

PCHidalgo, J.D. 19
 Apply same rules as sections but use the paragraph “¶” symbol
 Never preceded by “at”

 EXAMPLE
¶3
 ¶ ¶ 3, 4, 6-10
 at 10, ¶ ¶ 3, 4, 6-10

 NOT
 at ¶ 10

PCHidalgo, J.D. 20
 Use a page reference and add “n.” followed by the footnote number
without a space
 Do not precede “n.” with a comma
 The use of “n.” is applicable to footnotes NOT FOUND within the article
or document itself

 EXAMPLE
 at 234 n.56

 NOT
 at 234, n. 56

PCHidalgo, J.D. 21
 Use an ampersand between the page and the footnote

 EXAMPLE
 at 234 & n.56

PCHidalgo, J.D. 22
 Use an ampersand between the page and cite the page where the
endnote is to be found

 EXAMPLE
 at 234 & 1000 n.1

PCHidalgo, J.D. 23
 Follow the same rules on multiples sections and paragraphs
 For multiple non-consecutive footnotes, substitute the last comma for
an ampersand especially if citing different pages

 EXAMPLE
 at 65 nn.43, 44-45 & 50, 62 n.51

 NOT
 at 65 nn.43, 44-45, 50, 62 n.51

PCHidalgo, J.D. 24
 Add a descriptive abbreviation after the page of other reference

 EXAMPLE
 at 65 tbl. 32
 at 66 fig.10

PCHidalgo, J.D. 25
26

PCHidalgo, J.D.
 Use “id” when referring to the immediately preceding source in the
same footnote or immediately preceding source in the immediately
preceding footnote if the footnote cites only one source

 EXAMPLE
 1James Bradley Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of
Constitutional Law, HARV. L. REV. 129, 135 (1983)
2Id. at 136.

3Id.

4Id. at 138.

PCHidalgo, J.D. 27
 Use “<abbreviated name>, supra” to refer to a previous source cited in the
same footnote
 Use “<abbreviated name>, supra note <number>,” to refer to a source cited in
a previous footnote, or to a source in the immediately preceeding footnote if it
cites more than one source.

 EXAMPLE
 1James Bradley Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of
Constitutional Law, HARV. L. REV. 129, 135 (1983); Edwin Meese, The Law o the
Constitution, 61 TUL.L. REV. 979, 981 (19). Thayer further argues that judicial review
is best employed narrowly. Thayer, supra, at 136-137.
2Thayer, supra, note 1, at 140.
3Meese, supra, note 1, at 983.

PCHidalgo, J.D. 28
29

PCHidalgo, J.D.
 To refer to previous page or pages of the article

 EXAMPLE
 See supra pp. 10-13
 See supra p. 13

PCHidalgo, J.D. 30
 Use “See supra notes <numbers>”

 EXAMPLE
 See supra notes 12-15 and accompanying text.
 See supra text accompanying notes 20-21.

PCHidalgo, J.D. 31
 Use “See supra Parts <numbers>”

 EXAMPLE
 See supra Part I.A.
 See supra text accompanying notes 20-21.

PCHidalgo, J.D. 32