Technology & Sciences Submitted by : Vishal Kumar Dubey 0206EC141182 Submitted To : Head of Department Electronics & Communication Engineering CONTENTS Introduction to Indian Railways RAILNET PRS & UTS IVRS Networking & Interconnection Indian Railways Indian Railways is owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways.
It is the fourth largest railway network in the world
comprising 119,630 km of total track and 92,081 km of running track over a route of 66,687 km with 7,216 stations at the end of 2015-16.
IR is the world's eighth biggest employer and had 1.331
million employees at the end of 2015-16. In 2015-16, IR carried around 8.107 billion passengers annually. RAILNET RAILNET is the name of the Corporate Wide Information System (CWIS) of Indian Railways, aimed to provide computer connectivity between Railway Board, Zonal Railways, Production Units, Training Institutes, CORE, etc.
RAILNET was commissioned by IRCOT (Indian Railways
Central Organization of Telecom) through a contract agreement with Tata – Infotech. INTRA-NET: It is a digitized internal network allowing the railway officers and staff to communicate.
INTER-NET: Allows user to get into global comm.
Through world wide web (www) , in a secured manner. Passenger Reservation Service PRS started in 1985 as a pilot project in New Delhi. The objective was to provide ticketing system for reserved accommodation on any train from any counter, preparation of train charting and keeping a proper record of the money received. This was implemented all over Indian Railway later on.
With this implementation any passenger can get a
reserved ticket from one destination to another station of India Railway from any Passenger Reservation Systems counter of Indian Railways. Unreserved Ticketing System More than 1.2 crore Rail passengers travel in unreserved coaches and trains every day and thus form the bulk of rail users. For this category of passengers Railways have introduced the facility of Computerised Unreserved Ticketing System. Interactive Voice Response System Interactive Voice Response (IVR) is a software application that accepts a combination of voice telephone input and touch-tone keypad selection and provides appropriate responses in the form of voice, fax, callback, e-mail and perhaps other media.
An IVR application provides pre-recorded voice
responses for appropriate situations, keypad signal logic, and access to relevant data, and potentially the ability to record voice input for later handling. Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems allow callers to get access to information without human intervention. Thus callers hear a pleasant and cheerful voice 24-hours a day, 7 days a year without any attendant human fatigue.
Since even the cost of the call is borne by the caller, apart from the one-time installation cost, there is no running expense for the company who deploys the IVR systems.
Another advantage to the company is that it would
otherwise be impossible to handle high loads of callers, both in terms of time, and the cost of the large number of individuals that it would require. Network Devices & Topologies UTP : Short for unshielded twisted pair, a popular type of cable that consists of two unshielded wires twisted around each other. Due to its low cost, UTP cabling is used extensively for local-area networks (LANs) and telephone connections.
UTP cabling does not offer as high
bandwidth or as good protection from interference as coaxial or fiber optic cables, but it is less expensive and easier to work with. A repeater is a physical layer device used to interconnect the media segments of an extended network. Repeaters receive signals from one network segment and amplify, retime, and retransmit those signals to another network segment. Bridges connect two LAN segments of similar or dissimilar types, such as Ethernet and Token Ring. This allows two Ethernet segments to behave like a single Ethernet. A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks, and determines which way to send each data packet based on its current understanding of the state of its connected networks. Conclusion Practical training is very important for each and every student along with the theoretical knowledge.