CSE411 31069-3 &4 (2012-2013) Dr. Robina H. C.

Wong (TU710) Tel: 2766 6057

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
WEEK (15/2)
(1/2) (8/2) (22/2) (1/3) (8/3) (15/3) (22/3)
LECTURE
Topic
(13:30 -15:30) Topic 1 Holiday Topic 2 Topic 2/3 Topic 3 Topic3 Topic 3/4
1/2
Room PQ305

TUTORIAL Rock Classification/ Rock Classification/

Topic 2 Topic 2
(8:30 -10:30) Topic 1 Group A Topic 1Group B Cancel tutorial
Group A (5/3) Group B (12/3)
Room P305 (19/2) (26/2)
Sample
LABORATORY Sample Sonic test and
preparation &
(16:00 -18:30) preparation & Sample
index test
(14:30 - 17:00) index test preparation
Group B (12/3)
TU 804 Group A (5/3) Group A (19/3)
Group C (13/3)

8 9 7/4 10 11 12 13 14
WEEK
(29/3) (5/4) (Sunday) (12/4) (19/4) (26/4) (3/5) (10/5)
LECTURE Topic 6/
(13:30 -15:30) Holiday Topic 4 Mid term Topic 4 Topic 4/5 Topic 5/6 Topic 6 Return exam
Room PQ305 paper
test
TUTORIAL Topic 3 (9:30-11:00) Topic 4 (23/4) Topic 4 (30/4) Topic 5 (7/4)
Topic 3 Cancel
(8:30 -10:30) Group B Group A Room Y304 Group A Group B Group A (8:30)
(2/4) tutorial
Room P305 (26/3) (Name: (9:00-10:00) (9:00-10:00) /Group B (9:30)
Burns to So)
Sonic test and
LABORATORY Direct RoomY305 Direct shear Uniaxial & Uniaxial &
Sample
(16:00 -18:30) shear test (Name Tai test Point load test Point load tes
preparation
(14:30 - 17:00) Group A to Zhou) Group B (9/4) Group A Group B (23/4)
Group B (26/3)
TU 804 (2/4) Group C (10/4) (16/4) Group C (24/4)
Group C (27/3)
Field Trip (Saturday (13/4, Group A: 9:00 -12:00, Group B: 1:30-4:30)
Topic 1: Index properties; Topic 2: Strength criteria; Topic 3: Shear strength;
Topic 4: Rock slope stability; Topic 5: Initial stress; Topic 6: Tunneling Engineering
CSE411 31072-4 (2012-2013) Dr. Robina H. C. Wong (TU710) Tel: 2766 6057
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
WEEK (14/2)
(31/1) (7/2) (21/2) (28/2) (7/3) (14/3) (21/3)
LECTURE
(18:30 -21.30) Topic 1 Topic 1/2 Holiday Topic 2/3 Topic 3 Topic 3/4 Topic 4
Room R506

TUTORIAL Rock
(20:30 -21.30) Classification / Topic 2
Room TU805 Topic 1
LABORATORY Sample
(18:30 -20:30) preparation index
TU 804 test/ Sonic test

8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14
WEEK
(28/3) (4/4) Sunday (7/4) (11/4) (18/4) (25/4) (2/5) (9/5)

LECTURE Topic 4 /Mid

Topic 6/
term test Topic 5/6
(18:30 -21.30) Holiday Topic 4/5 Return the
(9:30-12:30)
Room R506 exam paper
Room Y305
TUTORIAL
(20:30 -21.30) Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5
Room TU805

LABORATORY Direct
Uniaxial and
(18:30 -20:30) shear
Point load test
TU 804 test
Firld Trip (Sunday 7/4) 2:00 -5:00
Topic 1: Index properties; Topic 2: Strength criteria; Topic 3: Shear strength;
Topic 4: Rock slope stability; Topic 5: Initial stress; Topic 6: Tunneling Engineering
Introduction to rock mechanics, Chapter 5. and
Appendix 5

Planes of Weakness in Rock

Discontinuities
1.) Joint
2.) Fault
3.) Bedding Plane
4.) Fissures
 Joints Fault

Bedding Fissures
The influence of joints
on tunnel and slope
excavation
The influence of joints
on foundation
 The main content of this chapter

• How to analysis the data of the

discontinuities

• How to determine the shear strength

of the discontinuities
Strike direction: horizontal line ,
Dip direction: a right angle to the strike direction
Dip angle: angle of inclination

Strike direction:
NE040, dipSE30 

Dip direction:
NE130/30 
 True dip & Apparent dip
True dip: is a maximum dip of the plane
Apparent dip: is a section not perpendicular to the strike,
the bed will appear at a gentler angle than the true dip.

Apparent dip
True dip
How to analysis the data of discontinuities

Stereographic projection
 Stereographic Projection

Stereographic projection simplifies graphical solutions to the

problems involving the orientations of lines and planes in space
 Stereographic Projection
Focus

Upper
hemisphere

Projection
0
plane

Lower
hemisphere

View of reference sphere

 Stereographic Projection
• line projection
• Plane projection
 Stereographic Projection
- line projection (lower
hemisphere projection)

Project a line on
a horizontal
plane
 Stereographic Projection
A To cut a section
F
along AA’
A`

The projection of
“P” is inside the
-P projection plane
Lower hemisphere
 projection
-P

P
The projection of 20
 Plunge direction
20
“–P” is out of the
P
projection plane
Upper hemisphere A Plunging line
projection

View of reference sphere

 Stereographic Projection
F The projection of
a line on the
horizontal
projection plane
-P is a single point


-P 0 
20
P
20

Vertical section through AA`

 Stereographic Projection
F
The projection of a line
on the projection plane
-P is a single point
-P

20 P
20
 Plunge
direction
F

A Plunging
line
-P

M
20

-P 0  P
20
Varying the inclination
P
angle of the line, the
projection points with
varied angle can be
plotted M
Stereographic Projection
F

90 80 70 60 5040 30 20 10

By varying the angle of the

same line from 0 to 90,
different projection points
are obtained
 Stereographic Projection – plane projection
(lower hemisphere projection)

Project an incline plane

on the horizontal plan
Stereographic Projection

An incline
plane
 Stereographic Projection
F

Dip angle

a
b

Dip Direction c
d
A e
Point d of the great g
h S
circle represents a
B
maximum dip of the
incline plane
C H
Rotating the plane with G
D
E
varied angle, the The projection of an inclined
different projection
planes are created
plane on the horizontal
plane is a great circle
 Stereographic Projection
F

The projection of a
vertical plane is a
T line
a
b

Dip Direction c
d
e
g
h S

Rotating the plane with

varied angle, the
different projection
planes are created The projection of a vertical plane
How to use the stereographic projection to
analysis the discontinuities

Dip direction:
N130/30 
Two types of stereonets can be used as the reference planes
for stereographic projection

Equal-area
Stereographic net
in 2° intervals
Two types of stereonets can be used as the reference planes
for stereographic projection

Equal-angle
Stereographic net
in 2° intervals
To create the great circle
and small circle for equal
angle stereographic net
 The creation of equal angle stereonet
0
20

40

60

80

10 20 30 40 50 60

100

120 70

140 80

160
180

How to create the great circle of the equal angle stereonet

 The creation of equal angle stereonet

How to create the great circle of the equal angle stereonet

 How to create the
small circle of the
340
350 10
20 equal angle
330

320
30
stereonet
40
310
50
300
60

290
70

280 80

270 90

100
260

110
250

240 120

230 130

220 140
210
150
200 160
190 170
180
 350 10
How to create the
340
330
20
30
small circle of the
320
40
equal angle
310
50
stereonet
300
60

290
70

280 80

270 90

100
260

110
250

240 120

230 130

220 140

210
150
200 160
190 170
180
 Equal-angle Stereonet is used as the reference planes
for stereographic projection
N

W  E

S
 Stereographic Projection

• Line projection
• Plane projection
• The intersection of two planes
• A plane determines from two apparent
dips
 N090 /40 

W


 E
40

How to project a line by using the

stereographic net
 N

N090 /40 

40
F  90

W


 E
40

How to project a line by using the

stereographic net
 N

N060 /50 

60

F


W
60


50 E

How to project a line by using the

stereographic net
 N060 /50 

50
F

W
 60


50 E
 N060 /50 

W
 60


50 E
 Stereographic Projection

• Line projection
• Plane projection
• The intersection of two planes
• A plane determines from two apparent
dips
N090 /50 
F

50

W N

E
S 50

How to project a line by using the

stereographic net
 N

N090 /50 

50
90

F True dip

W N

E
S 50

How to project a line by using the

stereographic net
 N E
N130/40

N130 /40  F

40

N E

W 130
S 40

How to project a plane by using the

stereographic net
 N

N130 /40 

N E
130
W 130
S 40

How to project a plane by using the

stereographic net
 N130 /40 

40
F

True dip

N E

W 130
S 40

How to project a plane by using the

stereographic net
 N130 /40 

N E

W 130
S 40

How to project a plane by using the

stereographic net
 Stereographic Projection

• Line projection
• Plane projection
• The intersection of two planes
• A plane determines from two apparent
dips
The intersection
of two planes

W E

S
The intersection N
of two planes
N130 /40 
N090 /50 

50
90
 True dip

138
The intersection
of two planes
N130 /40 
N090 /50 

39

 The angle of
intersection is
39 which is an
apparent dip

Apparent dip: is a section not perpendicular to

the strike, the bed will appear at a gentler angle
than the true dip.
The intersection
of two planes
N130 /40 
N090 /50 

39

 The angle of
intersection is
39 which is an
apparent dip

Apparent dip: is a section not perpendicular to

the strike, the bed will appear at a gentler angle
than the true dip.
The intersection
of two planes
N130 /40 
N090 /50 

90


N138/39 

For
Thethe above case,
orientation of thewhether the between
intersection formed intersection
two joints is
angle‘’
N138/39is between 40 to 50 , or  50 ?
The intersection
of two planes
N130 /40 
If the
N090 /50 
orientation of
the plane changes
to N110 /50 

90


When the orientation of the plane shift from 90 to 110, the
angle of intersection ‘’ between two joints is : 32 ( 40),
The intersection
of two planes
N130 /40 
If the orientation of
the plane changes
to N120 /50 

90


When the orientation of the plane shifts from 110 to 120,

the angle of intersection ‘’ between two joints is 20 (< 40),.
The intersection
of two planes
N130 /40 
N090
If the /50 
orientation
changes to
N080 /50 

90


When the orientation of intersection line = the dip direction of

plan, the angle of intersection ‘’ between two joints is : 40
 It is concluded that the intersect angle  formed by
The intersection two joints is equal or less than the angle of the
of two planes flatten joint.
N130 /40 
N090
If the /50 
orientation
changes to
N000 /50 

90


When the orientation of the plan shifts from 80 to 000 , the
angle of intersection ‘’ between two joints is : 20  ( 40),
 Stereographic Projection

• Line projection
• Plane projection
• The intersection of two planes
• A plane determines from two apparent
dips
 A plane
determines from
two lines
A plane determines from N
two apparent dips
N060 /50 
N090 /40  60


A plane determines from
two apparent dips
N060 /50 
N090 /40 

50
 To determine the true
A plane determines from orientation from two
two apparent dips apparent dips, these
two points should be
N060 /50  rotated and line on a
same grate circle
N090 /40 

40
90
 To determine the true
A plane determines from orientation from two
two apparent dips apparent dip, these
two points should be
rotated to line on a
same grate circle
N090 /40 
N060 /50 
 To determine the true
A plane determines from orientation from two
two apparent dips apparent dip, these
two points should be
rotated to line on a
same grate circle
N090 /40 
N060 /50 

54

24 Angle between

two dips is 24
A plane determines from The orientation
two apparent dips of the common
N040 plane is
N040/52

N090 /40 
N060 /50 

Angle between
two dips is 24
 The problem
for great circle
projection

When lots of joint

plane using great
circle for
presentation, it
makes the figure
very confusion
 Pole
projection

A line is normal to
the plane. The
projection of this
line is a single
point. This point is
called pole.

The projection of a
pole represents that of
a plan (great circle)
The projection of a line on F
the projection plane is a Pole projection for
single point. This point is a 70 joint plane
called pole.

90 N
W 70 
E

S 70

A line
90 70
perpendicular
to a plane
 N

N090 /50 

90 50
90

90 
 N

N130 /40 

130
N130 /40 

90 40
N130 /40 
It is not convenience by using the great
circle method to determine the pole
The polar net can be used as the reference planes for polar
projection

Polar
net

How to create the polar net

 F
How to create Pole projection for
the polar net a 20 joint plane

90
N
W 70  20 
E
20
S

A line
20
perpendicular
90
to a plane
 F
How to create
The 0 angle of the pole is at
the polar net the center and the 90 angle of
the pole is at the perimeter. It is
opposite to the great circle
90
N
W 90  70  20 
E

Horizontal plane
The orientation of
the pole is 180
reversed from the Pole projection for a
great circle vertical joint plane
 Pole
By rotating the angle of
the same plane from 0 to projection
90, poles with different
angles can be plotted

N
W 90  80  70  60  50  40  30  20  10  0 

How to create the polar net

 N
How to create
the polar net

90  80  70  60  50  40  30  20  10  0 
W E

The plan view of the

S
projection plane
 350
N 10

330
340 20 How to create
30
320
40
the polar net
310
50

300
60

290
70

280 80

90  80  70  60  50  40  30  20  10  0 
W
270 90
E
100
260

110
250

240 120

230 130

220 140

210
By rotating the
150
200 160 orientation and angle
190 170
180 of the plane, more
S poles can be obtained
 350
N 10

330
340 20 How to create
30
320
40
the polar net
310
50

300
60

290
70

280 80

90  80  70  60  50  40  30  20  10  0 
W
270 90
E
100
260

110
250

240 120

230 130

220 140

210
By rotating the
150
200 160 orientation and angle
190 170
180 of the plane, more
S poles can be obtained
 350
N 10

330
340 20 How to create
30
320
40
the polar net
310
50

300
60

290
70

280 80

90  80  70  60  50  40  30  20  10  0 
W
270  90
E
100
260

110
250

240 120

230 130

220 140
Connect all the poles 210
By rotating the
150
with the same 200 160 orientation and angle
190 170
dippiong angle, polar 180 of the plane, more
net is formed. S poles can be obtained
 N

N090 /50 

90 50
90
 The 0 angle of
the pole is
counted from
the center. It is
N090 /50  opposite to the
great circle

50 
N90

The orientation of the

pole is 180 reversed
from the great circle
 N090 /50 
N

N90

90

Pole

Great circle
 N
Great circle

N090 /50 

N90
90

Great circle Pole

 N

N090 /50 

N90 90

Great circle
Pole
 N

N130 /40 

130
N130 /40 

90 40
N130 /40 
N130 /40 
 N130 /40 

Pole
Great circle
N130 /40 

Great circle Pole

N130 /40 

Pole
Great circle
Determine the
intersection of two
planes by poles


Determine the
N
intersection of two
planes by poles
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

50
90
90

True dip

Use great circle method

Determine the What is the physical
intersection of two meaning of the two poles
planes by poles
N090 /50 
N310 /40 
The two poles can
form a plane normal
or perpendicular to
90
the wedge
 True dip

Use great circle method

Determine the By rotating the two
intersection of two poles to line on a
same grate circle
planes by poles
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

Use great circle method

Determine the By rotating the paper
intersection of two to made the two poles
on a same grate circle
planes by poles
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

Use great circle method

Determine the The two poles can
intersection of two form a plane normal
planes by poles or perpendicular to
the wedge
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

18 90
The pole of
 intersection

Use great circle method

Determine the The orientation of
the intersection is
intersection of two N017/18
planes by poles
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

The pole of
intersection can be
read by the polar
net
Use great circle method
Determine the The orientation of
the intersection is
intersection of two N017/18
planes by poles
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

N017/18

The pole of
intersection can be
read by the polar
Use great circle method net
Use polar net to
determine the pole
of intersection
N090 /50 
N310 /40 


Use polar net to
determine the pole
of intersection
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

The pole of
 intersection

Use the great circle to determine the

common plane normal to the intersection
Use polar net to
determine the pole
of intersection
N090 /50 
N310 /40 

The pole of intersection is

N017/18
Measure joint form a slope
 Plotting and
analysis the field
measurement
Create contours
lines to present the
concentration of the
poles
Counting
net
Counting
net
Use the Counting net
to determine the
4
density of poles

19
Each circle
represents 1%
of the whole
area 3

4
Six triangles Counting
represents 1%
of the whole net
area

Kalsbeek counting net

 2 N
0
9
Use the Counting
net to determine
the density of poles

+ 0
2
Total 351 poles 9
21

Bedding Planes

Joints

Fault
0 2 9
 N
9 2 0 1 5
Plotting and 4
4
2
6 2 4
1
0
1 4 1
analysis the field 6
5 3
5
3 8 7 1 3
0
0 4
2 4 3 4 4
measurement 2 2
0
2
3
2
2 4 1 2
3
1
10
10 6
1 4 8 9
1 1 2 2 6 11
1 1 3 14
1 1 11 6
1 10
0 1 1 7 17 12
2 2 8 3
1 19
1 1 9 1
15 0
1 1 13 1
1 1 0 6 1
12
1 1 0 2 4 0
1 9
1 2 0 3 1 3 3 1
4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1
1 3 0 3 0 1 1 3 0 1

0
2
1
1 1
0
1
4
+0 0
3
3
4
3
1
2
1
1 0
9 2
Total 351 poles 1
3
4
0
1
1
5
5
8 3
2
4
3
1
1
0
0 6 22 21 0 2
3 11 7 1
2 2 3 2 3 0
1 11 7 5 16 5 2
0 3 7
3 8 1 4 6
2 7 1
2 5 4 6 7 2 6 1 6
3 0 1
1 4 8 5 4 2
6 5 13 15 1 2 1
1 5 5
8 3 2
2 3 7 5 3
9 11 7 1
Bedding Planes 6 13 4
2 5 4 4
6 3 10 16 12 6 2 7 2
0 8
Joints
4 3 4 6 8 6
4 7 6
4 0 7 8 5 5
1 6
0 1 11 4
Fault
2 6 13
1 4
2 2
5 1 0 2 9
 N
Contours of pole 2 9 2 0 1 5 1
4 0
to determine the 5
4
5
1 6 2 4 4
0
1
3 8 7 1 0 4
concentration of 6 2
2
4
3
2 4 1
3
3
1
4 4
2 2 2 2 10 6
the joint sets 1 4
1
0
1
3
2 2
3
6
10
11
8 9
1 1 3 14
1 1 11 6
1 10
0 1 1 7 17 12
2 2 8 3
1 19
1 1 9 1
15 0
1 1 13 1
1 1 0 6
22/351x100% 1 1 1
0 2
9
12
4
1
0
1 2 0 3 1 3 3 1
=6.2% 1
4
3
1
0
2
3
1
0 1
3
1
1
3
2
0
1
1

0
2
1
1 1
0
1
4
+0 0
3
3
4
3
1
2
1
1 0
9 2
Total 351 poles 1
3
4
0
1
1
5
5
8 3
2
4
3
1
1
0
0 6 22 21 0 2
3 11 7 1
2 2 3 2 3 0
1 11 7 5 16 5 2
0 3 7
3 8 1 4 6
2 7 1
2 5 4 6 7 2 6 1 6
3
2% - 7 poles 1 0 4 8 5 4
1 2
6 5 13 15 1 2 1
1 5 5
3% - 10 poles 8
2 3 7 5 3 3 2
9 11 13 7 1
6 2 5 4 4 4
4% - 14 poles 6 3 0
10 16 12 6 2 8 7 2
4 3 4 6 8 6
4 6
5% - 17 poles 4 0 7 8 7 5 5
1 6
0 1 11 4
2 13
6% - 22 poles 1
6
4
2 2
5 1 0 2 9
 N
Contours of pole 2 9 2 0 1 5 1
4 0
to determine the 5
4
5
1 6 2 4 4
0
1
3 8 7 1 0 4
concentration of 6 2
2
4
3
2 4 1
3
3
1
4 4
2 2 2 2 10 6
the joint sets 1 4
1
0
1
3
2 2
3
6
10
11
8 9
1 1 3 14
1 1 11 6
1 10
0 1 1 7 17 12
2 2 8 3
1 19
1 1 9 1
15 0
1 1 13 1
1 1 0 6
22/351x100% 1 1 1
0 2
9
12
4
1
0
1 2 0 3 1 3 3 1
=6.2% 1
4
3
1
0
2
3
1
0 1
3
1
1
3
2
0
1
1

0
2
1
1 1
0
1
4
+0 0
3
3
4
3
1
2
1
1 0
9 2
Total 351 poles 1
3
4
0
1
1
5
5
8 3
2
4
3
1
1
0
0 6 22 21 0 2
3 11 7 1
2 2 3 2 3 0
1 11 7 5 16 5 2
0 3 7
3 8 1 4 6
2 7 1
2 5 4 6 7 2 6 1 6
3
2% - 7 poles 1 0 4 8 5 4
1 2
6 5 13 15 1 2 1
1 5 5
3% - 10 poles 8
2 3 7 5 3 3 2
9 11 13 7 1
6 2 5 4 4 4
4% - 14 poles 6 3 0
10 16 12 6 2 8 7 2
4 3 4 6 8 6
4 6
5% - 17 poles 4 0 7 8 7 5 5
1 6
0 1 11 4
2 13
6% - 22 poles 1
6
4
2 2
5 1 0 2 9
 Contours of pole
to determine the
concentration of
the joint sets C

Major joint sets: B

A: N356/22  +
B: N231/65 
Minor joint sets
C: N175/78  +
D: N293/78 
Total 351 poles + D
A
2% - 7 poles
3% - 10 poles

4% - 14 poles

5% - 17 poles

6% - 22 poles
Contours of pole
to determine the
concentration of
the joint sets
Although the shape of contours
does not the same, the
concentrations of poles are
more or less the same

C
B
+

+
+ D
A
 The main content of this chapter

• How to analysis the data of the

discontinuities

• How to determine the shear strength

of the discontinuities
 Joint testing

• Collect sample

• Laboratory test:
– Triaxial compression test
– Direct shear test
Triaxial compression test
Triaxial compression test
2  c   3 tan  
  
1 3
1  tan  tan  sin 2
 Direct
shear test
 Direct Shear Test
for rock joint
Sample preparation and testing
procedure are according to
Hencher and Richards, 1989
Sample preparation
Sample preparation
 Surface Roughness
Measurement- Profile gauge
 Surface Roughness
Measurement- Profile gauge
 Direct Shear
Testing
Dial
gauge

Weight

The shear rate is controlled at 3mm/min

 Dial
gauge

Hydraulic
pump
 Test Results Calculation
n = (L x P + D + W )/A’ D

L=Load Factor
P=weight
D=Static Load (level arm)
W=weight of Upper Box
W
 = S/A’ P
2b
2a A’
Ub 4a  U
2 2
1 U
A'  ab   2ab sin ( )
2a 2a
U


U (mm)

U (mm)
 3
n3
2
p
n2

 1
n1
C r

n U (mm)

n1
Dilatancy
dp
n2
angle at peak
v n3
Dilatancy curve


U (mm)
U (mm)
v

U (mm)

V n
 Shear Deformation
Ks: Shear stiffness
Kn: Normal stiffness

 Normal Deformation

ks ks   / u
n
V
kn
U (mm)

v kn  n / v

U (mm)
Dilatancy Curve
 Test Result – Single test
3
Normal load P:
n3
5kg to 65kg
2 (5kg increments)
n2 total 14 steps


1
n1 2a

U (mm)

Each loading level use one sample Umax= 20%2a

Multi test -Repeat the test on one sample
with different loading level

Multi reset Multi continue

3 4
n3 3 n4
2
n2 n3
 2
n2
1 1
n1 n1

U (mm) U (mm)
 Shear strength determination
For rough joint:
When n is low:
 =n Tan (pr + i) or  =n Tan p

When n is high:
 pr  =C + n Tan pr

For flat joint plane:

 =n Tan pr
c p
pr Roughness angle i
i = p pr
n
 Pw Effect of Water
Pressure

Based on:

2  c   3 ' tan  
  
' '
1 3
1  tan  tan  sin 2
• Surface roughness angle measurement (Fecker
and Rengers, 1970) : Using different base lengths to
measure the roughness angle and the collected data
plotted by stereographic projection

• Normalize the raw data from the influence of

roughness (Hencher and Richards, 1989)

• Empirical shear strength equation - Barton’s

1977)
Measurement of surface roughness
with different base lengths
 Influence of roughness on shear strength of
discontinuities and its correction
(Hencher and Richards, 1989)

n

The raw data will be scatter due to the dilation occurs

 Normalize the raw data of from the
influence of roughness
Hencher and Richards, 1989
i =Tan-1(dv/dh) 

 i
i

icos2i -  sini cosi

P1 i cos2i +  sini cosi
i

i
icos2i +  sini cosi
P3
i i cos2i -  sini cosi
 Influence of roughness on shear strength of
discontinuities and its correction
(Hencher and Richards, 1989)

 i

n ni

The
Bestraw data can
fit curve will be
bedrawn
scatter duethe
after todata
the dilation occurs
being normalized
Barton’s estimated shear strength (1977)

JCS
   n tan ( JRC log 10  b )
n
b : Basic Friction Angle
JCS : Joint wall compressive strength
JRC :Roughness Coefficient
 Barton’s estimated shear strength

/ n

 J
 tan (2dn  300 ) dn  10 log 10 ( )
n n
J
   n tan (20 log 10  300 )
n
J : Compressive strength of joint wall, dn: peak dilation angle
 To determine the b, JRC and JCS

b
b

b can be determined by the above method

Once the b, JRC and JCS are determined, the shear
strength of the rock joint can be predicted using the
following equation
JCS
   n tan ( JRC log 10  b )
n
To determine Log10 c = 0.00088  R+1.01
the JCS
: dry density of rock (kN/m2) R: rebound nember
To determine the JRC Method 1
 To determine
the JRC
method 2 and 3
  b
JRC 
(JCS)
log 10
n


 The shear strength of the rock joint can be predicted by
assuming several different n levels, then, can be determined

JCS
   n tan ( JRC log 10  b )
n
By assume different value of
n , the  can be calculated
5 MPa xx
 10 MPa xx
15 MPa xx

n
The End