ITN InstructorPPT Chapter3

Chapter 3:
Network Protocols and

Communications
Introduction to Networks
Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
Chapter 3: Objectives
Students will be able to:

 Explain how rules are used to facilitate communication.
 Explain the role of protocols and standards
organizations in facilitating interoperability in network
communications.
 Explain how devices on a LAN access resources in a
small to medium-sized business network.
Chapter 3
3.1 Rules of Communication
3.2 Network Protocols and Standards
3.3 Moving Data in the Network
3.4 Summary
The Rules
What is Communication?
For example, consider two people communicating face-to-face, as shown in Figure 1. Prior to
communicating, they must agree on how to communicate. If the communication is using voice, they
must first agree on the language. Next, when they have a message to share, they must be able to
format that message in a way that is understandable. For example, if someone uses the English
language, but poor sentence structure, the message can easily be misunderstood. Each of these tasks
describes protocols put in place to accomplish communication. This is true of computer communication,
as shown in Figure 2.
The Rules
The Rules
People exchange ideas using many different communication
methods. However, regardless of the method chosen, all
communication methods have three elements in common:
The first of these elements is:
Message source, or sender. Message sources are people, or
electronic devices, that need to send a message to other
individuals or devices.
The second element of communication is:
The destination, or receiver, of the message. The destination
receives the message and interprets it.
The third element is:
Channel, consists of the media that provides the pathway over
which the message travels from source to destination.
The Rules
 Communication begins with a message, or
information, that must be sent from a source to a
destination. The sending of this message, whether
by face-to-face communication or over a network, is
governed by rules called protocols. These protocols
are specific to the type of communication method
occurring. In our day-to-day personal
communication, the rules we use to communicate
over one medium, like a telephone call, are not
necessarily the same as the protocols for using
another medium, such as sending a letter.
The Rules
Establishing the Rules
Establishing the Rules
 An identified sender and receiver

 Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face,
telephone, letter, photograph)
 Common language and grammar
 Speed and timing of delivery
 Confirmation or acknowledgement requirements
The Rules
Message Formatting and Encapsulation
Example: Personal letter contains the following elements:
 An identifier of the recipient
 A salutation or greeting
 The message content
 A closing phrase
 An identifier of the sender
The Rules
Message Encoding
One of the first steps to sending a message is encoding it.
Encoding is the process of converting information into
another, acceptable form, for transmission. Decoding
reverses this process in order to interpret the information.
Imagine a person planning a holiday trip with a friend, and
calling the friend to discuss the details of where they want to
go. To communicate the message, the sender must first
convert, or encode, their thoughts and perceptions about the
location into words. The words are spoken into the telephone
using the sounds and inflections of spoken language that
convey the message. On the other end of the telephone line,
the person listening to the description, receives and decodes
the sounds in order to visualize the image of the sunset
described by the sender.
The Rules
Message Size
The size restrictions of frames require the source host to break
a long message into individual pieces that meet both the
minimum and maximum size requirements.
This is known as segmenting.
Each segment is encapsulated in a separate frame with the
address information, and is sent over the network.
At the receiving host, the messages are de-encapsulated and
put back together to be processed and interpreted.
The Rules
Message Timing
 Access Method
 Flow Control
 Response Timeout
The Rules
Message Timing
Another factor that affects how well a message is received
and understood is timing. People use timing to determine
when to speak, how fast or slow to talk, and how long to wait
for a response. These are the rules of engagement.
The Rules
Access Method
Access method determines when someone is able to send a
message. These timing rules are based on the environment.
For example, you may be able to speak whenever you have
something to say. In this environment, a person must wait
until no one else is talking before speaking.
 If two people talk at the same time, a collision of information

occurs and it is necessary for the two to back off and start
again. Likewise, it is necessary for computers to define an
access method. Hosts on a network need an access method
to know when to begin sending messages and how to
respond when errors occur.
The Rules
Flow Control
Timing also affects how much information can be sent and
the speed that it can be delivered. If one person speaks too
quickly, it is difficult for the other person to hear and
understand the message. The receiving person must ask the
sender to slow down.
 In network communication, a sending host can transmit

messages at a faster rate than the destination host can
receive and process. Source and destination hosts use flow
control to negotiate correct timing for successful
communication.
The Rules
Response Timeout
If a person asks a question and does not hear a response
within an acceptable amount of time, the person assumes
that no answer is coming and reacts accordingly. The person
may repeat the question, or may go on with the conversation.
Hosts on the network also have rules that specify how long to
wait for responses and what action to take if a response
timeout occurs.
The Rules
Message Delivery Options
The Rules
A message may need to be best delivered in different
ways, as shown in Figure 1. Sometimes, a person
wants to communicate information to a single
individual. At other times, the person may need to
send information to a group of people at the same
time, or even to all people in the same area.
A conversation between two people is an example of

a one-to-one delivery. When a group of recipients
need to receive the same message simultaneously, a
one-to-many or one-to-all message delivery is
necessary.
The Rules
There are also times when the sender of a message
needs to be sure that the message is delivered
successfully to the destination. In these cases, it is
necessary for the recipient to return an
acknowledgement to the sender. If no
acknowledgement is required, the delivery option is
referred to as unacknowledged.
Hosts on a network use similar delivery options to

communicate, as shown in Figure 2.
The Rules
 A one-to-one delivery option is referred to as a
Unicast, meaning that there is only a single
destination for the message.
 When a host needs to send messages using a one-to-

many delivery option, it is referred to as a Multicast.
Multicasting is the delivery of the same message to a
group of host destinations simultaneously.
 If all hosts on the network need to receive the

message at the same time, a Broadcast is used.
Broadcasting represents a one-to-all message
delivery option. Additionally, hosts have requirements
for acknowledged versus unacknowledged messages.
Protocols
Rules that Govern Communications
Protocols
Network Protocols
 How the message is formatted or structured
 The process by which networking devices share information
about pathways with other networks
 How and when error and system messages are passed
between devices
 The setup and termination of data transfer sessions
Protocols
Interaction of Protocols
 Application Protocol – Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Transport Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 Internet Protocol – Internet Protocol (IP)
 Network Access Protocols – Data Link & Physical layers
Network Protocols and Standards
Standards Organizations
Open Standards
 The Internet Society (ISOC)
The Internet Society (ISOC) is responsible for promoting open development,
evolution, and Internet use throughout the world. ISOC facilitates the open
development of standards and protocols for the technical infrastructure of the
Internet, including the oversight of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB).
 The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
Is responsible for the overall management and development of Internet standards.
The IAB provides oversight of the architecture for protocols and procedures used by
the Internet.
 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The IETF’s mission is to develop, update, and maintain Internet and TCP/IP
technologies. One of the key responsibilities of the IETF is to produce Request for
Comments (RFC) documents, which are a memorandum describing protocols,
processes, and technologies for the Internet.
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 The International Organization for Standards (ISO)
IEEE
Is a professional organization for those in the electrical engineering
and electronics fields who are dedicated to advancing
technological innovation and creating standards.
 38 societies
 130 journals
 1,300 conferences each year
 1,300 standards and projects
 400,000 members
 160 countries
 IEEE 802.3
 IEEE 802.11
ISO
The International Organization for Standardization, is the
world’s largest developer of international standards for a wide
variety of products and services. ISO is not an acronym for
the organization’s name.
ISO term is based on the Greek word “isos”, meaning equal.
The International Organization for Standardization chose the
ISO term to affirm its position as being equal to all countries.
In networking, ISO is best known for its Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference model. ISO published the
OSI reference model in 1984 to develop a layered framework
for networking protocols.
ISO
Other Standards Organization
 The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
 The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
 The International Telecommunications Union –
Telecommunications Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
 The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Networking standards involve several other standards organizations.
Some of the more common ones are:
 EIA - The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), previously known as
the Electronics Industries Association, is an international standards
and trade organization for electronics organizations. The EIA is
best known for its standards related to electrical wiring, connectors,
and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.
 TIA - The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is

responsible for developing communication standards in a variety of
areas including radio equipment, cellular towers, Voice over IP
(VoIP) devices, satellite communications, and more. Many of their
standards are produced in collaboration with the EIA.
 ITU-T - The International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication
Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is one of the largest and oldest
communication standard organizations. The ITU-T defines standards for
video compression, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), and broadband
communications, such as a digital subscriber line (DSL). For example,
when dialing another country, ITU country codes are used to make the
connection.
 ICANN - The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN) is a non-profit organization based in the United States that
coordinates IP address allocation, the management of domain names
used by DNS, and the protocol identifiers or port numbers used by TCP
and UDP protocols. ICANN creates policies and has overall responsibility
for these assignments.
 IANA - The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a department
of ICANN responsible for overseeing and managing IP address allocation,
domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.
Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model
Network Protocols and Communications
Summary
In this chapter, you learned:
 Data networks are systems of end devices, intermediary
devices, and the media connecting the devices. For
communication to occur, these devices must know how to
communicate.
 These devices must comply with communication rules and
protocols. TCP/IP is an example of a protocol suite.
 Most protocols are created by a standards organization such
as the IETF or IEEE.
 The most widely-used networking models are the OSI and
TCP/IP models.
Summary
 Data that passes down the stack of the OSI model is
segmented into pieces and encapsulated with addresses and
other labels. The process is reversed as the pieces are de-
encapsulated and passed up the destination protocol stack.
 The OSI model describes the processes of encoding,
formatting, segmenting, and encapsulating data for
transmission over the network.
 The TCP/IP protocol suite is an open standard protocol that
has been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified, or
approved, by a standards organization.
Summary
 The Internet Protocol Suite is a suite of protocols required for
transmitting and receiving information using the Internet.
 Protocol Data Units (PDUs) are named according to the
protocols of the TCP/IP suite: data, segment, packet, frame,
and bits.
 Applying models allows individuals, companies, and trade
associations to analyze current networks and plan the
networks of the future.

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Chapter 3:

Network Protocols and

Students will be able to:

 An identified sender and receiver

 If two people talk at the same time, a collision of information

 In network communication, a sending host can transmit

A conversation between two people is an example of

Hosts on a network use similar delivery options to

 When a host needs to send messages using a one-to-

 If all hosts on the network need to receive the

 TIA - The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is

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