UNIT-1 BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Laws of combinations
1. Law of conservation of mass :
matter can neither be created nor it can be destroyed .
2. Law of definite proportions :
A compound always contains the same proportion of elements by weight .
3. Law of multiple proportions :
If two elements can combine to form more than one compound , the masses of one
element that combine with a fixed mass of other element , are in the ratio of small whole
numbers . For example : H2 combines with O2 to form two compounds namely , H2O or
water and hydrogen-peroxide . In water 2g of hydrogen and 16 g of oxygen combines to
get 18 g of water . Then 2g of hydrogen combines with 32 g of oxygen to get 34 g of
hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) . Here masses of oxygen (16 g and 32 g ) which combines with
fixed mass of hydrogen (2g) has a simple ratio - 16: 32 (or) 1:2.
4. Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes:
A simple ratio exist between volume of reacting gases and that of gaseous products at
constant temperature and pressure.
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl Simple ratio is 1: 1 : 2
Dalton’s atomic theory :
 Matter is made up of small particles called atoms .
 Atoms of the same elements are identical in all aspects .
 Atoms of different elements are different .
 Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed .
Mole concept :
Mole can be defined as amount of substance which contains same number of particles as the
number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12 isotope .
Its value is 6.022 x 10 23 (Avogadro number )

Molecular and empirical formula :

The molecular formula of a compound is the formula which gives actual number of atoms of
various elements present in one molecule .
The empirical formula of a compound is the formula which gives the simplest ratio of atoms of
various elements present in one molecule .
The molecular formula of benzene is C6 H6 . The empirical formula of benzene is CH .
Molecular formula = n x empirical formula , where ,
n = molecular mass/empirical formula mass
Different methods of expressing concentration
1. Molarity – it is defined as number of moles of solute present in one litre of solution .
2. Molality – it is the number of moles of solute present in one kilogram of solvent .
3. Mole fraction – it is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of
moles of all components . The sum of mole fractions of all components in a mixture is
always unity .
EQUATIONS
1. Molarity – M = W2 X 1000/ M2 X V
2. Molality – m = W2 X 1000 / M2 X W1
3. Mole fraction – x 1 = n1 / n1 + n2 , x2 = n2/n1 + n2
x1 + x 2 = 1
1. An organic compound containing carbon , hydrogen and oxygen gave the following
compositions :
Carbon – 54.55 % , hydrogen – 9.09 % , oxygen – 36.26% . Calculate the empirical formula . If
vapour density is 44 , find the molecular formula of the compound .[C4H8O2]

2. Find empirical formula of oxide of iron which contain 69.9% of iron and 30.1% of oxygen .
[Fe2O3]

3. A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen , 24.27%carbon and 71.65% chlorine . Its molar mass
is 98.96g . What are its empirical and molecular formulas?

4. Find molarity of a solution of sulphuric acid having 4.9g of it dissolved in 500 L of solution .

5. Calculate molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving 4g in water to form 250
mL of solution .

6. A welding fuel gas contains carbon 92.32% & hydrogen 7.68%. Find empirical formula.
[CH]