STAINLESS STEEL

Prof. Dr. Heru Susanto

Beberapa materi diambil dan dikembangkan dari tugas-tugas mahasiswa yang telah diverifikasi
Stainless steel

• Metal alloys: metals that are formed by combining two or more metal elements to
enhance certain properties such as strength and reactivity. Each is suitable for specific
applications
• Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron with a minimum of 10.5% Chromium. Chromium
produces a thin layer of oxide on the surface of the steel known as the passive layer. ….
Corrosion resistance
• Stainless steel also contains varying amounts of Carbon, Silicon and Manganese. Other
elements such as Nickel and Molybdenum may be added to impart other useful
properties such as enhanced formability and increased corrosion resistance.
Types of Stainless steel
Ferritic
These steels are based on Chromium with small amounts of Carbon usually less than 0.10%. These steels
have a similar microstructure to carbon and low alloy steels.
Austenitic
These steels are the most common. Their microstructure is derived from the addition of Nickel, Manganese
and Nitrogen.
Martensitic
These steels are similar to ferritic steels in being based on Chromium but have higher Carbon levels up as
high as 1%. This allows them to be hardened and tempered much like carbon and low-alloy steels.
Duplex
These steels have a microstructure which is approximately 50% ferritic and 50% austenitic. This gives them a
higher strength than either ferritic or austenitic steels. They are resistant to stress corrosion cracking.
Precipitation hardening (PH)
These steels can develop very high strength by adding elements such as Copper, Niobium and Aluminium to
the steel. These steels can be machined to quite intricate shapes requiring good tolerances before the final
aging treatment as there is minimal distortion from the final treatment.
Mechanical Property
 Yield Strength of Stainless Steel
Unlike mild steels, the yield strength of annealed austenitic stainless steel is a very low
proportion of the tensile strength. Mild steel yield strength is typically 65-70% of the
tensile strength. This figure tends to only be 40-45% in the austenitic stainless family.
 Ductility of Stainless Steel
The combination of high work hardening rates and high elongation / ductility
makes stainless steel very easy to fabricate. Ductility is normally measured as the %
elongation before fracture during tensile testing. Annealed austenitic stainless steels
have exceptionally high elongations. Typical figures are 60-70%.
 Hardness of Stainless Steel
Hardness is the resistance to penetration of the material surface. Martensitic and
precipitation hardening grades can be hardened by heat treatment. Other grades can
be hardened through cold working.
 Tensile Strength of Stainless Steel
Tensile strength is generally the only mechanical property required to define bar and
wire products. Identical material grades may be used at various tensile strengths for
completely different applications. The supplied tensile strength of bar and wire
products directly relates to the final use after fabrication.
Stainless steel is
corrosion resistant steel
that maintains strength at
high temperatures.

Popular and common industry terms

used in stainless steel processing:
Active State and Passive State
Corrosion resistance of
stainless steel

‘PASSIVE’ chromium-rich
oxide film that forms naturally on the
surface of the steel

self
is strongly adherent, and
chemically stable under
conditions which provide
sufficient oxygen to the
surface
repair
 Alloying Element
The addition of metallic elements in production to
increase hardness, strength, or corrosion resistance
for instance.

Alloy steel is a type of steel comprised of manganese, silicon,

copper and other alloy type metals.
 Forms of Stainless Steel
 Semi–fabricated Steel
Semi–processed metals such as sheets, bars, and rods. Beam is a long pieces of square metal
usually steel used in construction. Bars is a steel formed into long shapes from billets. There
are two types of bar merchant and reinforcing bars. Long Products are steel that includes
rods, bars, and structural products. Described as long rather than flat. Rod is semi–finished
steel rolled from a billet that is commonly used for wire products, bolts, and nails.

• Semi–finished Steel
Steel products such as blooms, billets, or slabs that are turned into beams,
bars, or sheets. Bloom is a semi–finished form of steel more than eight inches.
This will eventually be processed into beams, rods, bars, or tubing products.
COMMERCIAL NAME OF
STAINLESS STEEL
Commercial Name of Stainless Steel
1. Austenitic stainless steels
 Iron-chromium-nickel grades corresponding to both standard AISI
300-series alloys and modified versions of these alloys.
 Iron-chromium-manganese-nickel grades corresponding to both
standard AISI 200-series alloys and modified versions of these alloys.
 Highly alloyed iron-nickel-chromium stainless steels for more severe
corrosive environments.
 Superaustenitic grades containing 6% Mo as well as liberal amounts
of chromium, nickel, and nitrogen for improved corrosion resistance.

2. Ferritic stainless steels

 Standard 400-series alloys as well as modified versions of these
alloys containing 11 to 27% Cr, 0.08 to 20% C, and small amounts of
ferrite stabilizers, such as aluminum, niobium, and titanium.
 More recently developed low-interstitial content (low
carbon/nitrogen) grades containing higher chromium (up to 30%),
molybdenum (up to 4%), and nickel (up to 2%). Such grades, which
exhibit excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), are
referred to as superferritics.
Commercial Name of Stainless Steel

3. Martensitic stainless steels

Standard 400-series containing 11 to 18.0%Cr, up to
1.20%C, and small amounts of manganese and nickel.
Nonstandard grades, including free-machining
grades, heat-resistant grades, and grades for gears
and bearings.
4. Duplex stainless steels are supplied with a
microstructure of approximately equal amounts of
austenite and ferrite. These alloys contain roughly 22
to 25% Cr, 5 to 7% Ni, up to 4% Mo, as well as
additions of copper and nitrogen.
5. Precipitation-hardenable stainless steels are
chromium-nickel alloys containing alloy elements
such as aluminum, copper, or titanium, which allow
them to be hardened by a solution and aging heat
treatment.
The effects of alloying elements
• Cromium (Cr)
This is the most important alloying element and it gives stainless
steel their basic corrosion resistance.
• Nickel (Ni)
The main reason for the nickel addition is to promote an austenitic
microstructure. Nickel generally increases ductility and toughness.
• Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum significantly increases the resistance to both uniform
and localized corrosion.