REVISION WEEK 6 – HYDROGRAPH

ANALYSIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should
be able to:
1) apply unit hydrograph to determine direct runoff hydrograph
2) derive unit hydrograph from a storm hydrograph by principle of
superposition and lagging (CO2);
3) derive unit hydrographs of other durations from a unit
hydrograph (CO2);
4) derive synthetic unit hydrograph for a meteorologically similar
watershed (CO2).
 ECW 557:
ENGINEERING HYDROLOGY

FLOOD ROUTING
By:
MADAM IRMA NOORAZURAH MOHAMAD
T1-A13-2C
irma1095@gmail.com
Ext: 6409/ 012-219 0315
WEEK 7- 8: FLOOD ROUTING page 280
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should be
able to:
 explain the difference of hydrologic lumped model &
distributed model (CO1);
 perform hydrologic channel routing using Muskingum
method (CO2);
 determine channel parameters for used in Muskingum
method (CO2).
 perform hydrologic reservoir routing using level pool
method (CO2);
WEEK 7- 8: FLOOD ROUTING page 280
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should be
able to:
 explain the difference of hydrologic lumped model &
distributed model (CO1);
 Flood Routing
a.k.a flow routing
Used to predict the temporal and spatial variations
of a flow at a point (downstream area) on a
watercourse from known or assumed hydrographs at
one or more points upstream.
* Technique of determining flood hydrograph at a section
of river by utilizing the data of flood flow/hydrograph at
one or more upstream section
* Objectives: reservoir design, spillway design, flood
protection i.e. levee depth (embankment raised to prevent a
river from overflowing/flooding)
 Attenuation
Retardation of peak, Lag
Q

upstream Peak attenuation

downstream

t
Time base increases
 Flood Routing Methods

• Hydrologic routing (Lumped flow model) –

employs equation of continuity
• Hydraulic routing (Distributed flow model) –
employs both continuity eqtn & eqtn of motion of
unsteady flow.
Hydrologic Routing (Lumped Flow Model)
• Uses the continuity equation to relate the known
inflow hydrograph with the unknown storage and
discharge using either a linear or curvilinear
relation.
• Calculates the flow as a function of time only
• Relatively simple, with satisfactory results
• The flow rate is solved at the desired location, then
the corresponding water level computed assuming
steady non-uniform flow along the channel
 Hydrologic Routing
Q
Inflow
Upstream
Reach t

Water level in river

Downstream
Q

t
Outflow
Hydraulic Routing (Distributed Flow Model)
• Uses both the continuity equation and the
momentum equation, i.e. the equation of motion
• Calculates the flow as a function of both time
and space
• More complex but produce more accurate results
• The flow rate and water level are solved
simultaneously
 Hydraulic Routing
Q
Inflow
Reach Upstream
Q t

Spatial Q
variation t

Q
Downstream t
Q
t

t
Outflow
• The choice of method usually depends on the
nature of the problem and data available.
• Usu. work from an upstream point to downstream
• Simplest to consider a single reach of river,
disregarding any additional tributary inputs between
the upstream and downstream point
• Lateral flow like seepage and overland flow may
need to be taken into account
 Flood Routing Applications
•Channel Routing – hydrograph shape change as it
travels down a channel ; from upstream to
downstream (to predict flood hydrograph at various
sections of the reach/river)
•Reservoir Routing – effect of flood wave as it
entering a reservoir (to predict the changes of
reservoir elevations and outflow discharge with
time)
WEEK 7- 8: FLOOD ROUTING page 280
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should be
able to:
 perform hydrologic channel routing using Muskingum
method (CO2);
 Channel Routing
• a.k.a river routing (include in hydrologic routing @
lumped flow model)
• applies to long, narrow streams
• downstream peak occurs after point of maximum
storage due to retarding effect of backwater, i.e.
controlled flow
• surface profile may be significantly curved due to
backwater effects, hence variable S-Q curve
 Change of Storage
I – Q = DS
Q
Inflow
Qmax = DS = 0
DS(+) Outflow
DS(-)

S
Storage maximum, Smax

DS > 0 DS < 0
t
 Backwater effect – shifting control

Q
Inflow
Qmax
Smax
Outflow

upstream Backwater curve

downstream
 Variable stage-discharge relationship
- Backwater effect

Q Qmax Q Qmax
Smax Smax

S (stage) S (stage)

Solved using Muskingum method

 Continuity Equation
i.e. water budget equation

dS
I Q 
dt
IDt  Q Dt  DS
 I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
 Dt   Dt  S 2  S1
 2   2 

where Dt must be sufficiently short so that inflow and outflow

hydrograph can be approximated as linear within the time
interval.
 Change of Storage
I1  I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
 Dt   Dt  S 2  S1
Q I2  2   2 
Q1
Q2
Smax

Q2 I1
Q1 I2
t
t1 t2 t1 t2
S
Smax

S1 S2 S1
S2
DS(+) DS(-)
t
Channel Routing - Muskingum Method (pg 291)
Flood flow is characterized by unsteady, nonuniform
Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
Wedge storage

I
I-Q

Q Q

Prism storage
Imaginary plane, intersecting
downstream surface
 Prism & Wedge Storage
Advancing flood
(+) wedge
I>Q

Receding flood
(-) wedge
I

Q>I
 Prism Storage
• Assuming that the cross-sectional area of the flood
flow is directly proportional to the discharge at the
section, then
Prism storage, Sp = KQm
where K = storage time constant [unit in T]
K is usually reasonably close to an elemental
(kinematic) wave travel time through the reach, and
thus is estimated as the observed time of travel of
peak flow through the reach.
m = constant exponent
mmin = 0.6 for rectangular channel;
mmax = 1.0 for natural channel (irregular).
 Wedge Storage
Wedge storage, Sw = KX(Im – Qm)
where X = relative weights/weighting factor given to
inflow and outflow of the reach, depending on the
shape of the modeled wedge ( 0 < X < 0.5 ).

Typically, X = 0.2 for natural streams

Note: calculated results are relatively insensitive to X.
Channel routing by Muskingum Equation
By adopting m = 1 for natural channel,
Total Storage S = S p + Sw
S = KQm +KX(Im – Qm)
S = K [ XI + (1 – X)Q ]
K and X must be a constant for the reach considered.

I>Q

K, X are constants Q
 Effect of Weighting Factor, X
S = K [ XI + (1 – X)Q ]

If X = 0, then S = KQ
i.e. linear reservoir model – pure attenuation only
If X = 0.5, full wedge develops – pure translation

I Q
Pure translation (X = 0.5)
Q
Pure attenuation (X = 0)

t
 Continuity Equation
I1  I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
 Dt   Dt  S 2  S1
Q I2  2   2 
Q1
Q2

Q2 I1
Q1 I2
t
t1 t2 t1 t2
S
Smax

S1 S2 S1
S2
DS(+) DS(-)
t
From Muskingum eq:
DS = S 2 – S1
= K { [ XI2 + (1 – X)Q2 ] – [ XI1 + (1 – X)Q1 ] }
= K { X (I2 – I1) + (1 – X) (Q2 – Q1) }

From Continuity eq:

 I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
DS  S 2  S1   Dt   Dt
 2   2 

Inflow hydrograph (Dt, I1, I2), Q1, K, X are known.

Only Q2 unknown.
 [ordinates for outflow
Q2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 Q1 hydrograph – calculate for
each time step]
 2 KX  Dt
where C0 
2 K (1  X )  Dt
 2 KX  Dt
C1  C0 + C1 + C2 = 1
2 K (1  X )  Dt
2 K (1  X )  Dt
C2 
2 K (1  X )  Dt

K and Dt must be the same unit,

K > Dt > 2KX , C0(+)
2K(1-X) > Dt > 2KX , computation stability
**C0 ,C1 & C2 also can be calculated from eqtn 8.16a, 8.16b 7 8.16c pg 294
 Example 8.5, pg 295
Routing Procedure
Q2 = C0 I2 + C1 I1 + C2 Q1
• determine K, x (storage constant)
• select Dt where K > Dt > 2Kx
 2 KX  Dt
C0 
• calculate C0 , C1 , C2 2 K (1  X )  Dt
• I1 , I2 and Q1 are known  2 KX  Dt
C1 
2 K (1  X )  Dt
• calculate Q2 2 K (1  X )  Dt
C2 
• proceed to next time step 2 K (1  X )  Dt
 Example 8.5, pg 295
Given Inflow Required Outflow
Hydrograph at U/S Hydrograph at D/S
t(h) I Q

0 10 I1 10 Q1 • Given K= 12 h, X = 0.2
Q2
6 20 I2 10.48 • let Dt = 6h (where K > Dt > 2Kx)
12 50 16.46
• calculate C0 , C1 , C2
18 60 32.94
24 55 45.61 • inflow hydrograph known I1, I2
. . .
. . . • initial outflow known , Q1 = 10
. . .
m3/s

Q2 = 0.048 I2 + 0.429 I1 + 0.523 Q1

use this equation for each time interval
 Example 8.5, pg 295
Q Lag = 12h
60
55 Peak attenuation = 10 m3/s
50
45

Outflow - required

Inflow - given
10
t
18 24 30
 Channel Routing
 I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
 Dt   Dt  S 2  S1 Where S = K [ XI + (1 – X)Q ]
 2   2 

I Wedge storage
I-Q

Q Q

Prism storage
WEEK 7- 8: FLOOD ROUTING page 280
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should be
able to:
 determine channel parameters for used in Muskingum
method (CO2).
 Effect of Weighting Factor x
S = K [ xI + (1 – x)Q ]
(Weighted discharge)
XI + (1 – X)Q
(Storage)
S

K 1

1 K
**Slope of graph = K **Slope of graph = 1/K

XI + (1 – X)Q (Storage) S
(Weighted discharge)
 Determination of K and X
 I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
Continuity Eq:  Dt   Dt  S 2  S1
 2   2 
 I1  Q1   I 2  Q2 
Rearranging:  2    2  Dt  S 2  S1
   
I1  Q1   I 2  Q2  Dt  S  S1
2
2

Dt  I i  Qi ave  DS
Example 8.4, pg 293 . How to find K and x?
1. obtain inflow and outflow hydrograph
2. By using tabulation method, calculate storage S = SDS) for
every time interval as [ x-axis] where
Dt  I i  Qi ave  DS
3. select trial X (0<X<0.5) value; compute weighted
discharge as [y-axis]
4. plot weighted discharge vs storage
5. repeat (3) to (5) to find the correct X value which one
produce the narrowest loop
6. draw a best straight line through the loop
7. determine the slope of the line, 1/K value
 Weighted- Weighted- Weighted-
discharge discharge discharge
XI + (1 – X)Q XI + (1 – X)Q XI + (1 – X)Q

X = X1 X = X2 X = X3

Storage, S Storage, S Storage, S

* Choose 0 ≤ X ≤ 1 (reason of stability choose X ≤ 0.5)

* Or plot S vs XI + (1-X)Q get K value
 Example 8.4, pg 293 find K, x
( Given Value )
t(h) I Q (I – Q) (I – Q)ave DS SDS) XI+(1-X)Q

0 5 5 0 0 5.0
7 42
6 20 6 14 42 10.9
26 156
12 50 12 38 198 25.3
29.5 177
18 50 29 21 375 36.4
7.5 45
24 32 38 -6 . .
420 35.9
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . .

[ x-axis] [ y-axis]
DS = Dt (I – Q)ave Trial value X = 0.35
•Select X which produced
narrowest loop
Example 8.4, pg 293
WEEK 7- 8: FLOOD ROUTING page 280
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the week, students should be
able to:
 perform hydrologic reservoir routing using level pool
method (CO2) ( Two methods: Modified Pul’s Method
& Goodrich Method)
 Reservoir Routing/Storage Routing
• applies to a reservoir with horizontal water
surface with negligible flow velocity, where storage
is the function of water elevation
• outflow is a function of available head (storage),
i.e. uncontrolled flow, and hence invariable S-Q
relationship
 Invariable stage-discharge relationship
Inflow
Q
Smax = Qmax

Outflow
t
Q
Smax = Qmax

Solved using level pool method

S
 Reservoir Routing: Level Pool Method
*Outflow as a function with reservoir elevation, Q = Q (h)

From Continuity eq:

 I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
DS  S 2  S1   Dt   Dt
 2   2 
Rearranging:
 I1  I 2   Q1   Q2 
 Dt   S1  Dt    S 2  Dt 
 2   2   2  Modified Pul’s
Method

known known unknown

Require reservoir function
 Reservoir Routing: Level Pool Method
From Continuity eq:
 I1  I 2   Q1  Q2 
DS  S 2  S1   Dt   Dt
 2   2 
Rearranging:
 2 S1   2S 2 
( I1  I 2 )    Q1     Q2  Goodrich
 Dt   Dt  Method

known known unknown

Require reservoir function
 Example 8.1, pg 282 Modified Pul’s Method
Q

Step1: plot reservoir func

Q
E vs Q & E vs S + (QΔt/2)
S + (QDt/2)
Given: Step1
Calculate: E
E S Q S+(QDt/2) Step2:
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .

. . . .
. . . . S + (QDt/2)
. . . .

. . . . Step2: Given E, read Q and (S+QDt/2)

. . . .
. . . .
Modified Pul’s Method
  I1  I 2   Q   Q 
 Dt   S1  1 Dt    S 2  2 Dt 
 2   2   2 
Step3: calc. IaveDt
Step6: read E, Q from graph
Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
t(h) I IaveDt S-QDt/2 S+QDt/2 E Q
0 10 3.578 100.5 10
0.324 3.362 3.686 100.6 13
6 20
0.810 3.405 4.215 101.0 27
12 55
1.458 3.632 5.090 101.6 53
18 80
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .

 Q   Q 
Step4: calc. next (S-QDt/2)  S1  1 Dt    S1  1 Dt   Q1Dt
 2   2 
 I1  I 2   Q1   Q2 
  Dt   1
S  Dt 
  2
S  Dt 
Step5: calc. (S+QDt/2)  2   2   2 
Table 8.1 Flood Routing through a Reservoir-Modified Pul’s Method-Example 8.1
 Example 8.2, pg 286 Goodrich Method
Q

Step1: plot reservoir func

func.
Q
E vs Q & E vs [2S/Δt] + Q
Given: Step1 [2S/Dt] + Q
Calculate: E
E S Q [2S/Dt]+Q From the
. . . . graph, find
. . . .
. . . .
data at
E=100.6m
. . . .
. . . . [2S/Dt] + Q
. . . .

. . . . Step3: Given E, read Q and (2S/Dt+Q)

. . . .
. . . .
Goodrich Method
  2S   2S 
( I1  I 2 )   1  Q1    2  Q2 
 Dt   Dt 
Step3: calc. I1+I2 Step6: read E, Q fr graph
Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
t(h) I I1+I2 2S/Dt-Q 2S/Dt+Q E Q
0 10 340 100.6 12
40 316 356
6 30 100.7 17
115 322 437 101.4 40
12 85
225 357 582 102.5 95
18 140
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .

 2 S1   2 S1 
Step4: calc. next (2S/Dt-Q)   Q1     Q1   2Q1
 Dt   Dt 

Step5: calc. (2SDt+Q) I1  I 2    2S1  Q1    2S 2 

 Q2 
 Dt   Dt 
Problem Solving:
Q8.2, 8.8
 Summary: Channel Routing
• obtain inflow & outflow hydrograph to establish
channel characteristics: K & X
• given inflow hydrograph, perform routing to
obtain outflow hydrograph (Q0 known)

Summary: Reservoir Routing

• obtain elevation-storage-discharge relationship of
the reservoir, i.e. reservoir function
• given inflow hydrograph, perform routing to
obtain outflow hydrograph (Q0 known)
 HYDROLOGIC – CHANNEL ROUTING
(Muskingum Equation)

HYDROLOGIC – STORAGE ROUTING/LEVEL

POOL ROUTING/RESERVOIR ROUTING
(Modified Pul’s Method & Goodrich Method)
 Hydraulic Routing
• a.k.a unsteady flow routing
• requires to solve Saint-Venant equations by
numerical method
• expedite calculations by powerful computer

Q A
Continuity eq:  0
x t

Momentum eq: 1 Q 1   Q 2  y
    g  g ( S0  S f )  0
A t A x  A  x