003 ConventionalMinePlanning SIPLAMIN Marinho

IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL
DE PLANEAMIENTO DE MINADO
CONVENTIONAL MINE PLANNING:

BENEFIT FUNCTION
M. SC. ALEXANDRE MARINHO

MiningMath
www.simsched.com 1
Conventional Steps
*Taken from https://ge902software.wordpress.com/datamine/
www.simsched.com 2
Possible destinations
$
Process 1*
Mine (s)**
$
Process n*
*Taken from http://www.vale.com/PT/aboutvale/news/Paginas/projeto-serra-leste-testes-na-planta-de-

tratamento-de-minerio-de-ferro-ja-estao-em-anadamento.aspx
**Taken from Micromine ***Taken from http://ita.br.com/jundu-pilhas-de-esteril/
Waste Dump 1*** Waste Dump n***
www.simsched.com 3
Block Model
www.simsched.com 4
Benefit Function
𝐹𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘
www.simsched.com 5
Value of each block
– Destination
– Grades
– Recovery
– Mining cost
– Transportation cost
– Process cost
– Selling price
– etc.
www.simsched.com 6
Importance of economic values
Process and
Block Cu_% Au_PPM Revenue ($) Diference
sale costs ($)
A 0.26 0.28 1,435.00 -1,435.00 0.00
B 0.28 0.25 1,728.00 -810.00 918.00
C 0.33 0.17 744.00 -1,223.00 -479.00
www.simsched.com 7
Example of parameters for calculating
the economic values of the blocks
Description Cu_% Au_PPM
Recovery 0.88 0.60
Selling price ($) 2000.00 12.00
Selling cost ($) 720.00 0.20
Processing cost ($/t) 4.00
Mining cost ($/t) 0.90
Discount rate (%) 10
Dimension of the blocks in X (m) 30
Dimension of the blocks in Y (m) 30
Dimension of the blocks in Z (m) 30
www.simsched.com 8
Example
𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∗ 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 30 ∗ 30 ∗ 30 ∗ 2.68 = 72360.00 𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑢 = 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑢/100

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑢 = 72360 ∗ 0.635556/100 = 459.89 𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑢 = 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑢

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑢 = 72360 ∗ 0.334444 = 24200.37 𝑔
www.simsched.com 9
Example
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣 𝐶𝑢 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐶𝑢 − 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑢
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑢 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣 𝐴𝑢 ∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑢 − 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐴𝑢
− 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

= 459.89 ∗ 0.88 ∗ 2000.00 − 720.00
+ 24200.37 ∗ 0.60 ∗ 12.00 − 0.20
− 72360.00 ∗ 4.00 + 0.90 = 𝟑𝟑𝟒, 𝟕𝟗𝟑 $
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = − 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = −72360.00 ∗ 0.90 = −𝟔𝟓, 𝟏𝟐𝟒 $
www.simsched.com 10

PIT OPTIMIZATION AND ITS
LIMITATIONS
MiningMath
www.simsched.com 11
Pit Limits
*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.
www.simsched.com 12
Blocks Precedence
*Taken from Kozan & Liu (2012).
www.simsched.com 13
Blocks Precedence
*Taken from Kozan & Liu (2012).
www.simsched.com 14
Optimization Methods
– Floating cone
– Lerchs-Grossmann
– Maximum flow
– Surfaces based model
www.simsched.com 15
Floating Cone
*Taken from Apostila Planejamento de Lavra, UFMG, 2007.
www.simsched.com 16
Floating Cone: 2D Block Model
www.simsched.com 17
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 18
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 19
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 20
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 21
Floating Cone: Final pit optimized
www.simsched.com 22
Floating Cone
Cone 1 is not profitable.
Cone 2 is not profitable.
Profitable mining of not profitable cones.

www.simsched.com 23
Floating Cone
www.simsched.com 24
Floating Cone: example including
waste
www.simsched.com 25
Lerchs-Grossmann (LG)
• Mij = ∑ mij, para j=1,2,…
Pi-1,j-1
• Pij = Mij + Máx Pij-1
Pi+1,j-1
www.simsched.com 26
LG: Blocks Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 7 9 9 9 9 9 7 5 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
3 -3 -3 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
4 -4 -4 -4 -4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 -4 -4 -4
5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 3
6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 2 3 4 4
8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 1 2
9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9
10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10
www.simsched.com 27
LG: Mij Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 17 19 19 19 17 14 6 4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
3 14 16 23 27 25 22 14 12 5 1 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6
4 10 12 19 23 29 27 21 19 12 8 1 -1 -10 -10 -10
5 5 7 14 18 24 22 24 24 18 14 7 5 -4 -5 -7
6 -1 1 8 12 18 16 18 18 12 17 12 10 1 0 -2
7 -8 -6 1 5 11 9 11 11 5 10 5 12 4 4 2
8 -16 -14 -7 -3 3 1 3 3 -3 2 -3 4 -4 5 4
9 -25 -23 -16 -12 -6 -8 -6 -6 -12 -7 -12 -5 -13 -4 -5
10 -35 -33 -26 -22 -16 -18 -16 -16 -22 -17 -22 -15 -23 -14 -15
www.simsched.com 28
LG: Construction of Pij Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 81 92 10
3 11
4 12
5 13
6 14
7 15
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 0
27 0
46 0
65 0
86 0 124
108
0
0 142 159 171 186 199 206 213
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1
1 -1
10 -1
27 -1
46 -1
65 -1
86 -1 124
108 -1 142
-1 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 19 19 19 17 14 62 4
17 -3
36 -3
55 -3
78 -3 125
103 -3
Pij-3 =17210
-3 160
143
+ Máx 10
187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 16 23 27 25 22 14
3 12
14 5 1 -6 -6 -6 -6 190 203 210 217 22517
-6 175
(a) Matriz Mij. (b) 33 59 86 111
Matriz Pij. 137 156 226 227
4 10 12 19 23 29 27 21
4 19
10 12
26 8
52 1
82 -1 -10
115 142 -10
=18527
163 -10 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 7 14 18 24 22 24
5 24
5 18
17 14
40 7
70 5 137
106 -4 166
-5 190
-7 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 1 8 12 18 16 18
6 18
-1 12
6 17
25 12
52 10
88 1 155
122 0 184
-2 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
7 -8 -6 1 5 11 9 11
7 11
-8 5
-7 10
7 5
30 12
63 4
97 4 166
133 2 189 212 230 249 253 257 260
8 -16 -14 -7 -3 3 1 38 3 -22

-16 -3 -14
2 -3
4 4
33 -4
64 5 136
100 4 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -23 -16 -12 -6 -8 -6

9 -6 -12
-25 -7 -12
-39 -38 -26 -5
-2 -13
25 -4
58 -5
94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -33 -26 -22 -16 -18 -16

10 -16
-35 -22
-58 -17
-65 -22
-60 -15
-42 -23
-20 -14
9 -15
42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 29
LG: Pij Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 27 46 65 86 108 124 142 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 36 55 78 103 125 143 160 172 187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 33 59 86 111 137 156 175 190 203 210 217 225 226 227
4 10 26 52 82 115 142 163 185 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 17 40 70 106 137 166 190 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 6 25 52 88 122 155 184 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
7 -8 -7 7 30 63 97 133 166 189 212 230 249 253 257 260
8 -16 -22 -14 4 33 64 100 136 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -39 -38 -26 -2 25 58 94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -58 -65 -60 -42 -20 9 42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 30
LG: Construction of pit limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 27 46 65 86 108 124 142 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 36 55 78 103 125 143 160 172 187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 33 59 86 111 137 156 175 190 203 210 217 225 226 227
4 10 26 52 82 115 142 163 185 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 17 40 70 106 137 166 190 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 6 25 52 88 122 155 184 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
7 -8 -7 7 30 63 97 133 166 189 212 230 249 253 257 260
8 -16 -22 -14 4 33 64 100 136 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -39 -38 -26 -2 25 58 94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -58 -65 -60 -42 -20 9 42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 31
LG: Pit Limit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 27 46 65 86 108 124 142 159 171 186 199 206 213 221
2 17 36 55 78 103 125 143 160 172 187 200 207 214 222 223
3 14 33 59 86 111 137 156 175 190 203 210 217 225 226 227
4 10 26 52 82 115 142 163 185 202 216 223 231 232 233 235
5 5 17 40 70 106 137 166 190 208 222 232 242 243 245 246
6 -1 6 25 52 88 122 155 184 202 225 237 247 250 253 255
7 -8 -7 7 30 63 97 133 166 189 212 230 249 253 257 260
8 -16 -22 -14 4 33 64 100 136 163 191 209 234 245 258 262
9 -25 -39 -38 -26 -2 25 58 94 124 156 179 204 221 241 253
10 -35 -58 -65 -60 -42 -20 9 42 72 107 134 164 181 207 226
www.simsched.com 32
LG: limit optimized superimposed on
the block model
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 10 10 10 10 8 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 7 9 9 9 9 9 7 5 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
3 -3 -3 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -3
4 -4 -4 -4 -4 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 5 -4 -4 -4
5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 3 5 6 6 6 6 6 5 3
6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 -6 3 5 5 5 5 5
7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 -7 2 3 4 4
8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 -8 1 2
9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9 -9
10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -10
www.simsched.com 33
Maximum Flow
A maximum closure and minimum cut in closure graphs.
*Taken from Hochbaum, Dorit S., A New-Old Algorithm for Minimum-cut and Maximum-flow in Closure
Graphs, NETWORKS - 30th Anniversary Special Paper (2001), Vol. 37(4), 171-193.
www.simsched.com 34
Geotechnical errors of Precedence
Method
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
*Taken from Whittle, 1998.
www.simsched.com 35
Surfaces-based Model
It always
respects the
angle
www.simsched.com 36
Comparing precedence of blocks and
surfaces-based model
www.simsched.com 37
(a) Case 1. (b) Case 2.
Precedence of blocks: slope angle approximations.
www.simsched.com 38
Model based on surfaces.
www.simsched.com 39
Case study: vertical section
www.simsched.com 40
Case study: transition zones
www.simsched.com 41

STRATEGIC MINE PLANNING

MiningMath
www.simsched.com 42
The mine scheduling problem
Taken from addictionrehabnow.com. Taken from sweetclipart.com.
Taken from cliparts.co.
Taken from freeimages.com.
www.simsched.com 43
Operational Constraints
Example of manual manipulation of the pit bottom to achieve a minimum width.
www.simsched.com 44
Example of a manipulation that does not guarantee the optimal solution.
www.simsched.com 45
High silica Low silica
Pit with $1B and 6% SiO2 Pit with $900M and 5% SiO2 Pit with $950M and 5% SiO2
High silica Low silica
Pit optimization example considering blending.
www.simsched.com 46
Nested Pits
*Taken from http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/7577/3/Thorley_Ursula_G_201209_PhD.pdf.
www.simsched.com 47
Nested Pits: Results
*Taken from Guimarães e Marinho, 2014.
www.simsched.com 48
The Gap Problem
1 2 3
www.simsched.com 49
Worst Case
*Taken from Tomi, 2010.
www.simsched.com 50
Best Case
*Taken from Tomi, 2010.
www.simsched.com 51
Nested Pits: Analysis
*Taken from http://google.brand.edgar-

online.com/EFX_dll/EDGARpro.dll?FetchFilingHtmlSection1?SectionID=7776715-1564125-
2080685&SessionID=XbC1FvifyECeWg7.
www.simsched.com 52
NPV (US$)
Sensitive Analysis
Variation (%)
*Taken from
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0370-
44672012000200016.
www.simsched.com 53
Pushbacks
*Taken from http://www.minesight.com/en-

us/company/newsletters/july2012/msep.aspx.
www.simsched.com 54
Mine Scheduling
*Taken from http://www.maptek.com/products/vulcan/scheduler_bundle.html.
www.simsched.com 55
Mathematical Mine Scheduling
www.simsched.com 56
Mine Scheduling: Best Case
www.simsched.com 57
Strategic Mine Scheduling
www.simsched.com 58
Run of Mine
2 `1 1 1 2 3
3 2 2 2 3 4
4 3 3 3 4 5
3.5
5 5
Stripping ratio
4 4 4
5 5
5 5
5 3
5
2.5
1 2 3 4 5
Time
www.simsched.com 59
Run of Mine
*Taken from http://www.africangoldgroup.com/news-releases/updated-preliminary-

economic-assessment-establishes-low-capex-and-high-returns-for-the-kobada-gold-
project.
www.simsched.com 60
Process and Equipment
• Process definition.
• Fleet selection and sizing.
• High recovery and productivity.
• High NPV.
www.simsched.com 61
Panel Scheduling
1 2 3
c b a Bench 1
f e d Bench 2
g
i h Bench 3
j
k Bench 4
l Bench 5
www.simsched.com 62
Period-by-period Scheduling
*Taken from http://mimresources.com/mine-planning-and-

scheduling.html.
www.simsched.com 63
Mixed Scheduling
How does it work?
• Each panel is subdivided in groups.
• Period-by-period or multiple periods.
Drawbacks
• Complexity.
• Limitations.
www.simsched.com 64
Mine Scheduling – Short-term
*Taken from Maptek.
www.simsched.com 65
Mine Design: Geometric Elements
*Taken from SME – Mining Engineering Handbook, 1992.
www.simsched.com 66
Mine Design: Accesses and Ramps
*Taken from SME – Mining Engineering Handbook, 1992.
www.simsched.com 67
Cut-off Grade Optimization
*Taken from Darling, 2011.
www.simsched.com 68
www.simsched.com 69
Cut-off Grade Optimization: Grade-
tonnage curve
*Taken from Rendu, 2014.
www.simsched.com 70
c + f + Fi
g milling i =
P−s ∗y
g milling i = Cutoff grade to be used in year i

i = 1, … , N mine life , years
c = Processing cost
f = Fixed costs
P = Price
s = Sales cost
y = Recovery
NPVi
Fi = Opportunity cost per short ton of material milled in year (i) - Fi = d ∗
C
d = Discount rate
NPVi = NPV of the future cash flows of the years i to the end of mine life N
C = total processing capacity in year (i)
www.simsched.com 71
Cut-off Grade Policies
(a) constant cut-off grade. (b) decline of the cut-off grade.
www.simsched.com 72
Cut-off Grade Policies
(c) decline of the cut-off grade and included fixed (d) Lane method.
costs.
www.simsched.com 73
Mine Scheduling (MS) with cut-off
grade optimization
www.simsched.com 74
MS with cut-off grade optimization and
stockpiles
www.simsched.com 75
Mine Scheduling with revenue factor 0.92
www.simsched.com 76
Scheduling with stockpiles
*Taken from
http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/756894/000119312512137641/d32566
1dex991.htm.
www.simsched.com 77

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003 ConventionalMinePlanning SIPLAMIN Marinho

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IV SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL

CONVENTIONAL MINE PLANNING:

M. SC. ALEXANDRE MARINHO

*Taken from https://ge902software.wordpress.com/datamine/

*Taken from http://www.vale.com/PT/aboutvale/news/Paginas/projeto-serra-leste-testes-na-planta-de-

Waste Dump 1*** Waste Dump n***

𝐹𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑢 = 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑢/100

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝑢 = 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑢

𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 = − 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

CONVENTIONAL MINE PLANNING:

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Kozan & Liu (2012).

*Taken from Kozan & Liu (2012).

*Taken from Apostila Planejamento de Lavra, UFMG, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

Cone 1 is not profitable.

Cone 2 is not profitable.

Profitable mining of not profitable cones.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

*Taken from Lavra a céu aberto - Teoria e prática, UFRGS, 2007.

4 10 12 19 23 29 27 21 19 12 8 1 -1 -10 -10 -10

9 -25 -23 -16 -12 -6 -8 -6 -6 -12 -7 -12 -5 -13 -4 -5

8 -16 -14 -7 -3 3 1 38 3 -22

9 -25 -23 -16 -12 -6 -8 -6

10 -35 -33 -26 -22 -16 -18 -16

7 -8 -7 7 30 63 97 133 166 189 212 230 249 253 257 260

7 -8 -7 7 30 63 97 133 166 189 212 230 249 253 257 260

7 -8 -7 7 30 63 97 133 166 189 212 230 249 253 257 260

A maximum closure and minimum cut in closure graphs.

*Taken from Whittle, 1998.

(a) Case 1. (b) Case 2.

Precedence of blocks: slope angle approximations.

Model based on surfaces.

CONVENTIONAL MINE PLANNING:

M. SC. ALEXANDRE MARINHO

Taken from addictionrehabnow.com. Taken from sweetclipart.com.

Taken from cliparts.co.

Taken from freeimages.com.

Example of manual manipulation of the pit bottom to achieve a minimum width.

Example of a manipulation that does not guarantee the optimal solution.

High silica Low silica

High silica Low silica

Pit optimization example considering blending.

*Taken from http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/7577/3/Thorley_Ursula_G_201209_PhD.pdf.

*Taken from Guimarães e Marinho, 2014.

*Taken from Tomi, 2010.

*Taken from Tomi, 2010.

*Taken from http://google.brand.edgar-

*Taken from http://www.minesight.com/en-

*Taken from http://www.maptek.com/products/vulcan/scheduler_bundle.html.

*Taken from Guimarães e Marinho, 2014.

*Taken from Guimarães e Marinho, 2014.

*Taken from http://www.africangoldgroup.com/news-releases/updated-preliminary-

*Taken from http://mimresources.com/mine-planning-and-

*Taken from Maptek.

*Taken from SME – Mining Engineering Handbook, 1992.

*Taken from SME – Mining Engineering Handbook, 1992.

Waste Dump 1* Waste Dump n*