Microwave Circuit Design

By
Professor Syed Idris Syed Hassan
Sch of Elect. & Electron Eng
Engineering Campus USM
Nibong Tebal 14300
SPS Penang
 Introduction
• 10 weeks lecture + 4 weeks ADS simulation
• Assessments :8 tests + 2 ADS assignments
+ 1 final examination
• Class : 9.00- 10.30 lecture
10.30-11.00 rest (tea break)
11.00-12.30 lecture
12.30- 1.00 test
 Dates
• 06/04/02 Morning • 08/06/02 Morning
• 20/04/02 Morning • 15/06/02 Morning
• 27/04/02 Morning • 22/06/02 Morning
• 04/05/02 Morning • 29/06/02 morning
• 11/05/02 Morning • 06/07/02 Morning
• 18/05/02 Morning • 20/07/02 Morning
• 25/05/02 Morning • 27/07/02 Morning
 Syllabus
• Transmission lines
• Network parameters
• Matching techniques
• Power dividers and combiners
• Diode circuits
• Microwave amplifiers
• Oscillators
• Filters design
• Applications
• Miscellaneous
 References
• David M Pozar ,Microwave Engineering- 2nd Ed.,
John Wiley , 1998
• E.H.Fooks & R.A.Zakarevicius, Microwave
Engineering using microstrip circuits, Prentice
Hall,1989.
• G. D. Vendelin, A.M.Pavio &U.L.Rohde, Microwave
circuit design-using linear and Nonlinear
Techniques, John Wiley, 1990.
• W.H.Hayward, Introduction to Radio Frequency
Design, Prentice Hall, 1982.
Transmission Line
 Equivalent Circuit
z R L R L

C
G

R  j L  R  j LG  jC 
Lossy line Zo 
G  j C

L
Lossless line Zo     LC
C
 Analysis
dI
I ( z, t ) R  j L I  z
dz

dV
V ( z, t ) G  j C V  z
dz

From Kirchoff Voltage Law Kirchoff current law

   dI  dV
V  V 
dV dI
 z   RI  z  L  z I   I   z   GV  z  C  z
 dz  dt  dz  dt
dI dV

dV dI
 z  RI  z  L  z   z  GV  z  C  z
dz dt dz dt

dV dI dI dV
  RI  L (a)   GV  C (b)
dz dt dz dt
 Analysis
dI
dV
 j V  j I
Let’s V=Voejt , I = Ioejt then dt dt

Therefore

 G  j C V
dI

dV
 R  j L I b 
a dz dz

Differentiate with respect to z d 2I

 2  G  j C 
dV
d 2V
 2  R  j L 
dI dz dz
dz dz
d 2V d 2I
2
 R  j L G  j C V 2
 R  j L G  j C I
dz dz
d 2V d 2I
  2
V   2
I
dz 2 dz 2
 Analysis
The solution of V and I can be written in the form of
V  Ae z  Be  Zo
z c  Be  Ae
I d
z z

where
 R  j L 
Zo    and     j  R  j LG  j C 
 G  j C 

Let say at z=0 , V=VL , I=IL and Z=ZL

Therefore Zo
VL  A  B IL  f
e A B
VL
 ZL
and IL
 Analysis
Solve simultaneous equations ( e ) and (f )
2 2
A L B L
V  I L Zo V  I L Zo

Inserting in equations ( c) and (d) we have

 e  z  e  z   e  z  e  z 
V ( z )  VL    I L Zo  
 2   2 

 e  z  e  z  VL  e  z  e  z 
I ( z)  I L    
 2  Z o  2 
 Analysis
 e z  e  z   e z  e  z 
sinh(  z )   
But cosh(  z )    and
 2 
 2 

Then, we have
V ( z )  VL cosh( z )  I L Z o sinh(  z ) *

VL
I ( z )  I L cosh(  z )  sinh(  z ) **
Zo
 
 
V ( z )  VL cosh(  z )  I L Z o sinh(  z ) 
and Z ( z)  
I ( z )  I cosh(  z )  VL sinh(  z ) 
 L 
 Z o 
 Analysis
 Z L cosh(  z )  Z o sinh(  z ) 
or Z ( z )  Z o  
 Z o cosh(  z )  Z L sinh(  z ) 

Or further reduce  Z L  Z o tanh(  z ) 

Z ( z )  Z o  
 Z o  Z L tanh(  z ) 

For lossless transmission line , = j since 0

cosh( j z )  cos(  z )
 Z L  jZo tan(  z ) 
Z ( z )  Z o  
sinh( j z )   j sin(  z )  Z o  jZ L tan(  z ) 
 Analysis
antinode
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)
Reflection coefficient
node
Be  z

Aez
Ae-z Bez
Voltage and current in term of reflection coefficient

VL  Ae z  Be z  Ae z 1    ZL 

VL  1   
   Z o
IL  1  
Ae z  Be  z Ae z
IL   1    or Z L   1   
Zo Zo Z o  1   
 Analysis
For loss-less transmission line  = j
By substituting in * and ** ,voltage and current amplitude are

 2
V ( z )  A 1    2  cos(2  z   ) 
1/ 2 g

I ( z) 
A
Z
o
1 
2
 2  cos(2 z   )
1/ 2
h
Voltage at maximum and minimum points are
Vmax  A(1   ) and Vmin  A(1   )

Therefore VSWR  s  1   ZL
1  For purely resistive load s 
Zo
 Analysis
Other related equations
1   Vmin  1    Zo
Z max 
Vmax
 Z o    sZ o Z min   Z o  

I min  1   

I max 1   s

 Z L  Zo 
   
 Z L  Zo 
From equations (g) and (h), we can find the max and min points

Maximum 2  z    0,  2 ,  4 ,

Minimum 2  z     ,  3 ,
Important Transmission line equations

Zin ZL
Zo

Z L  jZ o tanh  
Zin  Z o
Z o  jZ L tanh  
Z L  Zo 1 
 SWR 
Z L  Zo 1 
 Various forms of Transmission
Lines

Two wire Microstripe

cable Coaxial
line
cable

Rectangular Circular Stripline

waveguide waveguide
 Parallel wire cable
 
C or  for a  d
cosh1d / 2a  ln d / a 
 
L cosh 1
d / 2a  or  ln d / a  for a  d
 

1 
Zo  cosh1d / 2a 
 
Where a = radius of conductor
d = separation between conductors
 Coaxial cable
b 
a L ln b / a 
2
2 
C fc 
ckc
ln b / a  2  r
1 
Zo  ln b / a  kc 
2
2  ab
Where a = radius of inner conductor
b = radius of outer conductor
c = 3 x 108 m/s
 Micro strip
Conducted strip

t
he w r Substrate

Ground

t=thickness of conductor
 Characteristic impedance of
Microstrip line
60
For w / h  1 Zo  ln 8h / we  0.25 we / h 
 eff
 eff 
r  1 r 1
2

2
1  12h / w 
e
0.5
 0.041  we / h 2 
377
For w / h  1 Zo 
 eff we / h  1.393  0.667 ln we / h  1.444 

 eff 
r  1 r 1
2

2
1  12h / w   e
0.5

w=width of strip
t  2he 
Where e
w  w   ln  1 he  h  2 t h=height and
 t 
t=thickness
 Microstrip width
1/ 2
Zo   r  1  r 1 0.11 
A     0.23  
60  2   r  1 r 
60 2
B
Zo  r

8 exp( A)
For A>1.52 W /h 
exp(2 A)  2
For A<1.52
2 r 1  0.61
W / h  B  1  ln 2 B  1  lbB  1  0.39 
 2 r   r 
 Simple Calculation


377
Zo 
w 
r   2
h 
Approximation only

377
w/ h  2
 r Zo
 Microstrip components
• Capacitance
• Inductance
• Short/Open stub
• Open stub
• Transformer
• Resonator
 Capacitance

Zo Zoc Zo

 
For 
8
C
Z occ1

 2    3  108
For   C sin   c1  m/ s
8 Z oc  2c1  r
 Inductance

Zo ZoL Zo

 Z oL
For 
8
L
c1

For  
 Z oL    3  108
L sin   c1  m/ s
8
  c1  r
 Short Stub

Zo Zo
Zo ZL
 Z

Z sc  X L   jZ o tan 
 o
  tan 1
 X L / Zo  
360  eff
 Open stub

Zo Zo
Zo ZL
 Z

Z oc  X c   jZ o cot 

  cot 1
 X c / Zo   o

360  eff
 Quarter-wave transformer
/4
x
Zo ZT Zo ZL

At maximum point Zmx/min

Z L  Zo 1 
    s
Z L  Zo 1 
 Z ( x) max  Z o s
x  in radian
2
ZT  Zin Zmx  Zo .Zo s  Zo s
 Quarter-wave transformer
at minimum point

Z L  Zo 1 
    s
Z L  Zo 1 

  Z ( x)min  Z o / s
x  in radian
2

ZT  Zin Zmin  Zo .Zo / s  Zo / s

 Resonator
• Circular microstrip disk
• Circular ring
• Short-circuited /2 lossy line
• Open-circuited /2 lossy line
• Short-circuited /4 lossy line
 Circular disk/ring
feeding

1.841o
a
2  r


a
4
* These components usually use for resonators
 Short-circuited /2 lossy line
Zin Zo   = series RLC resonant cct

 n/2
R  Z o  o L
 
Q  
Zo R 2  2
L
2o
C
1 2
where 
o L
2

Open-circuited /2 lossy line
Zin Zo   = parallel RLC resonant cct

 n/2
Zo
R
  
Q  o RC  
 2  2
C
2 o Z o 2
1 where 
L 
o C 2
Short-circuited /4 lossy line
Zin Zo   = parallel RLC resonant cct

 /4
Zo
R
  
Q  o RC  
 4  2
C
4 o Z o 2
1 where 
L 
o C 2
 Rectangular waveguide

b g
a ZTE 
Cut-off frequency of TE or TM mode o
o
1
2
 m   n 
2
ZTM 
fcmn      g
2    a   b 
Conductor attenuation for TE10
1

1

1 c 
a b g
3
Rs

2b 2  a3  o2  Np / m
g 2 o 2 c 2 o
o 
Rs 
2
 Example
Given that a= 2.286cm , b=1.016cm and 5.8 x 107S/m.
What are the mode and attenuation for 10GHz?

Using this equation to calculate cutoff frequency of each mode

2 2
1  m   n 
fcmn     
2    a   b 
 Calculation
TE10

a=2.286mm, b=1.016mm, m=1 and n=0 ,thus we have

2
3 108   
f c10     6.562 10 GHz
9
2  0.002286 

Similarly we can calculate for other modes

 Example

Mode fcmn TE10 TE20 TE01 TE11

TE10 6.562 GHz

6.562GHz 13.123GHz14.764GHz 16.156GHz
TE20 13.123GHz
Frequency 10Ghz is propagating in
TE01 14.764GHz TE10.mode since this frequency is
below the 13.123GHz (TE20) and
TE11 16.156GHz above 6.561GHz (TE10)
 continue
2
 
  o     158.05m1
a

o 
Rs   0.026 
2

c 
Rs
a b g
3

2b 2  a3  o2   0.0125 Np / m
o

or c (dB)  20 log ec  0.11 dB / m

 Evanescent mode
Mode that propagates below cutoff frequency of a wave guide is
called evanescent mode
Wave propagation constant is kc 2   2   o2
Where kc is referred to cutoff frequency,  is referred to
propagation in waveguide and  is in space
When f0< fc ,
 2  kc 2   o2
But    j =attenuation =phase constant

1 1
Since no propagation then   2 
c 2
o 2
The wave guide become attenuator
 Cylindrical waveguide
n p'n1 p'n2 p'n3

0 3.832 7.016 10.174

a 1 1.841 5.331 8.536

2 3.054 6.706 9.97

TE mode
Dominant mode is TE11
, ,
pnm  g
fcnm 
pnm kcnm  ZTE 
2 a  a o
Rs   2 
c   kc112  o 
 nm  o2  kcnm
2 ao g  2
p'11 1 
 continue
n pn1 pn2 pn3

0 2.405 5.520 8.654

a 1 3.832 7.016 10.174

2 5.135 8.417 11.620

TM mode
pnm  o
fcnm 
pnm kcnm  ZTM 
2 a  a g
TM01 is preferable for long haul
 nm  o2  kcnm
2 transmission
 Example
Find the cutoff wavelength of the first four modes of a circular waveguide
of radius 1cm

Refer to tables 2nd mode

TE modes TM modes

n p'n1 p'n2 p'n3 n pn1 pn2 pn3

0 3.832 7.016 10.174 0 2.405 5.520 8.654

1 1.841 5.331 8.536 1 3.832 7.016 10.174

2 3.054 6.706 9.97 2 5.135 8.417 11.620

3rd &4th
1st mode modes
 Calculation
pnm 2a
fcnm   cnm 
2 a  pnm

2  0.01
1st mode Pnm= 1.841, TE11  c11  0.0341m
1.841

2  0.01
2nd mode Pnm= 2.405, TM01  c 01  0.0261m
2.405

1st mode Pnm= 3.832, TE01 and TM11

2  0.01
 c 01  c11  0.0164m
3.832
 Stripline

b w

30 b
Zo 
 r We  0.441b 
W
We  W  0.35
b
We W W
  0.35  W / b 2  0.35
b b b
 Continue
On the other hand we can calculate the width of
stripline for a given characteristic impedance
W 30
  0.441 for  r Z o  120
b  r Zo

W  30 
 0.85  0.6    0.441  for  r Z o  120
b   r Zo 
 Continue
 2.7  10 3 Rs r Z o
 A for  r Z o  120
 30 b  t 
c  
 0.16 Rs B for  r Z o  120
 Z ob

Where
2W bt  2b  t 
A 1  ln  
b  t  b  t   t 
b  0.414t 1 4 W 
B 1  0.5   ln 
0.5W  0.7t   W 2 t 
t =thickness of the strip