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Detty Iryani
Bagian Fisiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Unand
this dorsal r
autonomic
oot ganglion
is sensory
somatic
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Thoracolumbar Division
– Arises from the ventral roots of all thoracic spinal nerves
– Arises from the ventral roots of lumbar spinal nerves 1-3
• Preganglionic Neurons
– Originate in the Lateral Horn of the spinal cord
– Cell bodies are located in the thoracic and upper lumbar
regions of the spinal cord
– Short Myelinated Axons
• Postganglionic Neurons
– Synapse with preganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic
Chains (Trunks)
– Long Unmyelinated Axons
Sympathetic Nervous System
• Sympathetic Chains (Trunks)
– Where preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
synapse in the Sympathetic NS
• Comprised of sympathetic nerves that are
connected to a string of nerve cell bodies
– Called the Sympathetic (Paravertebral) Chain Ganglia
• These interconnected ganglia are located
close to the spinal cord
– Far away from the structures it innervates
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Craniosacral Division
– Arises from the cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem
– Arises from the ventral roots of sacral spinal cord
• Preganglionic Neurons
– Those originating in the cranial nerve nuclei travel with axons of
cranial nerves and terminate in ganglia near the effector organ
– Those originating in the sacral spinal cord synapse with other
parasympathetic preganglionic neurons to form pelvic nerves
that terminate near the effector organ
– Long Myelinated Axons
• Postganglionic Neurons
– Travel to the effector organ
– Short Unmyelinated Axons
Mixed Composition of ANS Nerves
• Both systems function utilizing two neurons
that communicate through a ganglion
• Preganglionic nerve fibers arise in the CNS
– Myelinated axon leaves the CNS as part of a cranial
nerve or spinal nerve
– Travels to an autonomic nervous system ganglion
• Preganglionic nerve fibers synapse with the
postganglionic nerve fibers in the ganglion
• Postganglionic nerve fibers travel to the appropriate
effector organ
Effects of the ANS
• The two divisions have opposite effects
on the organs and structures innervated
• Sympathetic Nervous System
– Acetylcholine = neurotransmitter at the
synapse with the ganglion
– Norepinephrine = neurotransmitter at the
synapse with the effector organ
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
– Acetylcholine = neurotransmitter at both
synapses
Effects of the ANS
• Cholinergic Neurons • Adrenergic Neurons
– Release Acetylcholine
• Cholinergic Receptors – Release Norepinephrine
– Nicotinic receptors
• Excitatory
• Adrenergic Receptors
• Opens Na+ and K+ channels – Alpha receptors
– Muscarinic receptors • Excitatory
• Excitatory or Inhibitory
• Uses G-proteins to open specific – Beta receptors
ion channels
• Excitatory or Inhibitory
Effects of the ANS
• The sympathetic division generally
produces a whole body response when
stimulated.
– The overall function of the sympathetic division is
the fight or flight response.
• The parasympathetic division generally
produces a single response at a specific
effector organ.
– The overall function of the parasympathetic divisi
on is rest and repair.
Comparison: Somatic and Autonomic Nerv
ous Systems
Visceral sensory system
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Visceral sensory neurons
• Monitor temperature, pain, irritation, chemical changes and
stretch in the visceral organs
– Brain interprets as hunger, fullness, pain, nausea, well-being
• Receptors widely scattered – localization poor (e.g. which part
is giving you the gas pain?)
• Visceral sensory fibers run within autonomic nerves, especially
vagus and sympathetic nerves
– Sympathetic nerves carry most pain fibers from visceral organs of
body trunk
• Simplified pathway: sensory neurons to spinothalamic tract to
thalamus to cerebral cortex
• Visceral pain is induced by stretching, infection and cramping
of internal organs but seldom by cutting (e.g. cutting off a
colon polyp) or scraping them
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Referred pain: important to know
Plus left shoulder,
from spleen
• Some only
involve peripheral
neurons: spinal
cord not involved
(not shown)*
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Central control of the Aut Amygdala: main limbic
region for emotions
onomic NS
-Stimulates sympathetic activity, es
pecially previously learned fear-rela
ted behavior
-Can be voluntary when decide to
recall frightful experience - cerebral
cortex acts through amygdala
-Some people can regulate some a
utonomic activities by gaining extra
ordinary control over their emotion
s
Hypothalamus:
main integration center
Reticular formation:
most direct influence
over autonomic function
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SELAMAT BELAJAR