Awater

Water
--a special liquid for a

special set of students
Ingredients: Water
Physical Parameters of Water
• Formula
• FM
• Shape
• Polar?
• Density
Physical Parameters of Water
• Formula H2O
• FM 18.02 g/mol
• Shape bent, 104.5o
• Polar? Yes
• Density 1.00 g/ml
Thermal characteristics of Water
• MP
• BP
• C
• Hfus
• Hvap
Thermal characteristics of Water
• MP 0.0oC
• BP 100.0oC
• C 4.18 J/goC
• Hfus 6 kJ/mol, 334 J/g
• Hvap 41 kJ/mol, 2300 J/g
Is this special?
• Consider MP and BP of molecules of
similar size
• Formula FM(g/mol) MP ( C)
o BP ( C)
o
• CH4
• NH3
• H2O
• HF
• Ne
Is this special?
similar size
o BP ( C)
o
• CH4 16
• NH3 17
• H2O 18  = 18 g/mol ± 11%
• HF 20
• Ne 20
Is this special?
similar size
o BP ( C)
o
• CH4 16 -183
• NH3 17 -78
• H2O 18 0
• HF 20 -83
• Ne 20 -249
For the covalent hydrogen
compounds of the second period:
Melting points
Water!
0
0 2 4 6
-50
Melting point
-100
-150 Series1
-200
-250
-300
Substance #
Is this special?
similar size
o BP ( C)
o
• CH4 16 -183 -164

• NH3 17 -78 -33
• H2O 18 0 100
• HF 20 -83 20
• Ne 20 -249 -246
Boiling points
Water!
150
100
50
Boiling point
0
-50 0 2 4 6
Series1
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
Substance #
Is this special?
similar size
• Formula FM(g/mol) Liquid Range
• CH4 16 19
• NH3 17 45
• H2O 18 100
• HF 20 103
• Ne 20 3
Liquid Ranges
Water!
120
100
Liquid range
80
60 Series1
40
20
0
0 2 4 6
Substance #
For water:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1l1Cww88XQ
Consider KMT:
• Melting occurs when particles have
enough motion to escape their solid
structure
Consider KMT:
• Melting occurs when particles have
enough motion to escape their solid
structure
• A substance whose particles

stick together better has a
higher melting point
Consider KMT:
• Boiling occurs when particles have
enough motion to escape their liquid
neighbors
Consider KMT:
• Boiling occurs when particles have
enough motion to escape their liquid
neighbors

stick together better has a
higher boiling point
Consider KMT:
• The liquid range is all of those
temperatures where the particles move
around each other, but are unlikely to
escape
Consider KMT:
• The liquid range is all of those
temperatures where the particles move
around each other, but are unlikely to
escape
stick together better, even while
moving, has a larger liquid
range.
Therefore…
• Water molecules stick together very well—
in a solid, and as a liquid.
Why do molecules stick together?
Why do molecules stick together?
• Attractions between molecules are
intermolecular forces (IMF’s)
• Different types of substances have

different types of IMF’s
• Some forces are stronger than others.

Non-polar molecules…
Show dispersion forces
• very weak
• very brief, small charge imbalances due to
the motion of electrons.
• They unbalance and attract their
neighbors.
Polar molecules…
Show dipole interactions
• fairly weak.
• permanent, small charge imbalances due
to the polarity of their bonds.
• They attract their polar neighbors.
(But, not all polar bonds are
created equal)
• When hydrogen is the less electronegative
end of a polar bond:
d+ d-
H O
--the hydrogen is more positive
--it is losing custody of its last electron
Polar molecules with hydrogen…
Show hydrogen bonding
• strongest of the weak bonds.
• permanent, larger charge imbalances than
other polar bonds.
• They attract their polar neighbors better.
…and if it’s not weak…
Strong IMFs include…
Ionic bonds (in ionic compounds)
Metallic bonds (in pure metals and alloys)
Covalent bonds (in covalent network solids)
(None of these particles are molecules, but

they are still called intermolecular forces.)
Why do particles stick together?
• In order, from weakest to strongest:
Dispersion Forces
Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Ionic Bonds
Metallic Bonds
Covalent Bonds
• In order, from weakest to strongest:
Dispersion Forces —between non-polar molecules

Dipole Interactions —between polar molecules
Hydrogen Bonding -between polar molecules w/H
Ionic Bonds —between ions
Metallic Bonds —between metal atoms
Covalent Bonds —in a network solid
What kind of substance?
• barium • dinitrogen monoxide
• chlorine • iron
• tin (II) chloride • sodium oxide
• sulfur dioxide • iodine
• solid sulfur • barium sulfide
• sulfuric acid
• helium
What kind of IM forces?
• sulfuric acid
• helium
If you are given a substance:
• --describe the type of substance

• --describe the strongest IM force between
the particles
• --you may be asked to compare it to
another substance
Types
Matter
Substance
Compound
Element Covalent
nonpolar
Metal Ionic covalent
Nonmetal
polar
covalent
• Watch out for a trick question.
• Watch out for a trick question.
--Ready?
Quiz
Q: What holds water together?
Quiz
Q: What holds water together?
A: HA! It’s a trick question!
There are TWO answers, both important.

Answer 1:
Within a molecule
• Polar covalent bonds between the

hydrogen and oxygen atoms hold the
atoms together as water molecules
Answer 2:
Between molecules
• Hydrogen bonding attracts a water

molecule to its neighbors as a liquid or a
solid.
Always give Answer 1 then Answer 2!

Is this special?
• Consider the MP and BP of molecules of
similar size
• Formula Type of substance
• CH4
• NH3
• H2O
• HF
• Ne
Is this special?
similar size
• Formula Type of substance
• CH4 non-polar covalent molecule
• NH3 polar covalent molecule
• H2O polar covalent molecule
• HF polar covalent molecule
• Ne non-polar individual atoms
Is this special?
similar size
• Formula Type of IM Forces
• CH4 dispersion forces
• NH3 hydrogen bonding
• H2O hydrogen bonding
• HF hydrogen bonding
• Ne dispersion forces
Which has stronger intermolecular
forces, NaF or HF?
forces, NaF or HF?
• NaF: ionic compound (Na+ and F- ions)
HF: polar covalent molecule (linear, with H
in a polar bond).
forces, NaF or HF?
in a polar bond).
• NaF: held together by ionic bonds
HF molecules: attracted to each other by
hydrogen bonds.
forces, NaF or HF?
in a polar bond).
• NaF: held together by ionic bonds
HF molecules: attracted to each other by
hydrogen bonds..
• Ionic bonds in NaF > hydrogen bonds
between HF molecules
What kind of IM forces?
• sulfuric acid
• helium
Rank in order of strength of IM
forces.
• sulfuric acid
• helium
There is an overlap.
• The strongest dispersion forces are
stronger than average dipole interactions
• In general, a larger molecule has stronger

dispersion forces.
• There is a big overlap between ionic and

metallic bonds.
List in order of MP (low to high)
• sulfuric acid
• helium
• sulfuric acid
• helium*
Nonpolaronly dispersion forces.

The smallest of the nonpolar
substances Lowest MP
Metalsmetallic bonds.Highest MP
• barium* • dinitrogen monoxide

• chlorine • iron*
• sulfuric acid
• helium*
Nonpolaronly dispersion forces.

The smallest of the nonpolar
substances Lowest MP
Compare N2 and CO
• What type of substance?
• What type of IM forces
• Which is stronger?
• What will this do to the MP and BP?
“’The time has come’, the walrus
said…”
• The stronger the IMFs, the higher the:

MP, BP, Hfus, Hvap, C,
surface tension, cohesion,
viscosity, strength and
hardness of the solid…
…etc. Usually.
Solutions: A solution is…
• --a homogeneous mixture
• --a homogeneous mixture
Components are mixed at a molecular level.
Any two samples of the same solution will

have identical proportions of the
components
• --a solute dissolved in a solvent
• --a solute dissolved in a solvent
Usually there is more solvent in a solution
The solvent is usually a liquid or a gas

• --a physical combination of indefinite
proportions
• --a physical combination of indefinite
proportions
Dissolving is a physical (not chemical) process
Two solutions can have different proportions
The components retain their own chemical and

physical properties
Oh, yeah…
• With two gasses or two liquids that

dissolve in each other (miscible liquids),
either one can be the solvent
• Aqueous (aq) = “dissolved in water”

Oil and water don’t mix.
Why not?
“Like dissolves like”
• Water is a polar solvent, oil is a non-polar
substance.
• They are not alike

“Like dissolves like”
Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar
solutes
Polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic

solutes
Metallic solvents dissolve metallic solutes.

Does it dissolve?
1) CH3OH/H20
2) KBr/H2O
3) CF4/H2O
4) S8/H2O
5) Hg/H2O
6) Ag/Hg
7) S8/CF4
8) NaF/KBr
Does it dissolve?
1) CH3OH/H20—polar/polar =YES
2) KBr/H2O
3) CF4/H2O
4) S8/H2O
5) Hg/H2O
6) Ag/Hg
7) S8/CF4
8) NaF/KBr
Does it dissolve?
1) CH3OH/H20—polar/polar =YES
2) KBr/H2O —ionic/polar =YES
3) CF4/H2O —nonpolar/polar =NO
4) S8/H2O —polar/nonpolar =NO
5) Hg/H2O —metallic/polar =NO
6) Ag/Hg —metallic/metallic =YES
7) S8/CF4 —nonpolar/nonpolar=YES
8) NaF/KBr —ionic/ionic(if melted)=YES
How?
• Liquids that dissolve mix. Molecules mingle
• All gasses just mix. Molecules move freely
• Particles on the surface of a solid get

surrounded by solvent particles (solvation)
and lifted out of the solute.
(not all ionic compounds dissolve in water)
The solvation of sodium and
chloride ions
Water is special.
• The attraction of the polar water molecules
lifts polar molecules and individual ions out
of solids.
• Ions dissociate, making an electrolyte
solution
Remember MgSO4•7H2O?
(magnesium sulfate heptahydrate)
• Each MgSO4 is surrounded by 7 water
molecules in the crystal—
—the water of hydration.
• You can drive off the water by heating it.

(MgSO4•7H2O is 51% water by mass!)
• Many ionic compounds make hydrated

crystals.
Remember MgSO4•7H2O?
• FM ≈24+32+4x16+7x2x1+7x16≈ 246 g/mol
• Name: magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Meaning “seven”
Meaning “water”
Three Tasks: Hydrates
• Write the correct name and formula for
hydrated salts
• From a formula, calculate the % water in

the solid.
• From a % composition by mass, find the

number of waters of hydration.
What is the name and % water in
CaCl2•2H20
• Name:
• % water
CaCl2•2H20
• Name: calcium chloride dihydrate
• % water
CaCl2•2H20
• % water= mass water x 100%
mass total
CaCl2•2H20
mass total
= 2 x 18.02g x 100%
(40.08+2x35.45+2x18.02)
CaCl2•2H20
mass total
= 2 x 18.02g x 100%
(40.08+2x35.45+2x18.02)
= (36.04/147.02)x100%
= 24.51%
What is the formula and % water in
iron (III) chloride hexahydrate?
What is the extent of hydration…
1) Use % water to find mass of water & salt
in 100 g
2) Mass  moles, use formula masses
3) Find the mole ratio of water/salt
4) (Write a formula. Name it.)
…of lead (II) acetate if the crystal has 14.2%
water?
1)% water x100%=mass water= 14.2g water
mass total 100 g total
water?
So, the crystal has 14.2 g water for every
(100-14.2=) 85.8 g lead (II) acetate.
water?
So, the crystal has 14.2 g water for every
(100-14.2=) 85.8 g lead (II) acetate.
• Lead (II) acetate= Pb(C2H3O2)2
• FM= 325.33 g/mol
2) Convert to moles:
14.2g H2O x 1mol/18.02g = .788 mol
85.8 g Pb(C2H3O2)2.x1mol/325.33g=.264mol
14.2g H2O x 1mol/18.02g = .788 mol
85.8 g Pb(C2H3O2)2.x1mol/325.33g=.264mol
3) …and the ratio is:
.788molH2O / .264molPb(C2H3O2)2 ≈ 3
14.2g H2O x 1mol/18.02g = .788 mol
85.8 g Pb(C2H3O2)2.x1mol/325.33g=.264mol
3) …and the ratio is:
.788molH2O / .264molPb(C2H3O2)2 ≈ 3
4) Pb(C2H3O2)2•3H2O is
lead (II) acetate trihydrate
• … of NiCl2•xH20 if the solid is 45.5%
water?
Colloids and emulsions
• Colloids and emulsions are (barely)
heterogeneous mixtures
• The particles are just barely too large to be

called “molecular sized”
• Colloids and emulsions do not separate

themselves, but appear cloudy or opaque
(called the Tyndall effect)
Suspensions
• If the particles are too large to dissolve or
form a colloid, they can still be suspended
in a fluid.
• Suspensions settle out.

Define:
• Melting point Boiling point
• Heat of vaporization Heat of fusion
• Specific heat capacity Adhesion
• Cohesion Surface tension
• Density Solubility
• Solution Solute
• Solvent Dissociation
• Suspension Colloid
• Tyndall effect

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Water

--a special liquid for a

• CH4 16 -183 -164

• A substance whose particles

• A substance whose particles

• Different types of substances have

• Some forces are stronger than others.

(None of these particles are molecules, but

Dispersion Forces —between non-polar molecules

• --describe the type of substance

A: HA! It’s a trick question!

There are TWO answers, both important.

• Polar covalent bonds between the

• Hydrogen bonding attracts a water

Always give Answer 1 then Answer 2!

• In general, a larger molecule has stronger

• There is a big overlap between ionic and

Nonpolaronly dispersion forces.

• barium* • dinitrogen monoxide

Nonpolaronly dispersion forces.

• The stronger the IMFs, the higher the:

Components are mixed at a molecular level.

Any two samples of the same solution will

Usually there is more solvent in a solution

The solvent is usually a liquid or a gas

Two solutions can have different proportions

The components retain their own chemical and

• With two gasses or two liquids that

• Aqueous (aq) = “dissolved in water”

• They are not alike

Polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic

Metallic solvents dissolve metallic solutes.

• All gasses just mix. Molecules move freely

• Particles on the surface of a solid get

• You can drive off the water by heating it.

• Many ionic compounds make hydrated

• FM ≈24+32+4x16+7x2x1+7x16≈ 246 g/mol

• Name: magnesium sulfate heptahydrate

• From a formula, calculate the % water in

• From a % composition by mass, find the

• The particles are just barely too large to be

• Colloids and emulsions do not separate

• Suspensions settle out.

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