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Najla
I11112001
No. ICPC-2 : F91 Refractive errors
ICD-10 CODE Disorder SKDI Skill
H52.0 Hypermetropia 4A
H52.1 Myopia 4A
H52.2 Astigmatism 4A
H52.4 Presbyopia 4A
Refraksi = Berbeloknya berkas sinar
Refractive medium:
• Cornea
• Aqueous Humour
• Lens
• Vitreous Humour
Refractive Medium Function
Refraction
Refraction: Ratio of the refractive power of the lens
and cornea (the refractive media) to the axial length
of the globe.
Emmetropia (Normal sight):
Eye axial length to Cornea &
Lens refractive power ratio is
balanced → Parallel light rays
meet at a focal point on the
retina
Refraction
• The degree of refraction depends on the
comparative densities of the two media, as indicated
by their refractive index Diopter.
Kriteria rujukan
1. Rujukan dilakukan jika timbul komplikasi.
Astigmatism
Definition
• Kelainan refraksi dimana sinar-sinar yang sejajar
aksisi visual tidakk difokuskan pada satu titik
melainkan pada banyak titik.
Classifications according to the location
of the meridian of greater refraction:
Kriteria rujukan :
1. Koreksi dengan kacamata tidak memperbaiki visus
2. Ukuran lensa tidak dapat ditentukan (misalnya
astigmatisme berat).
Presbyopia
Definition
• Presbyopia inability of the eye to focus
(accommodate) due to hardening of the crystalline
lens with age or weakened ciliary muscle.
• When the eye can no longer accommodate at the
reading distance, positive spectacle lenses of about
1–3 D are prescribed to correct the difficulty.
Anamnesis
Keluhan
• Penglihatan kabur ketika melihat dekat.
• Gejala lainnya, setelah membaca mata terasa lelah,
berair, dan sering terasa perih.
• Membaca dilakukan dengan menjauhkan kertas yang
dibaca.
• Terdapat gangguan pekerjaan terutama pada malam
hari dan perlu sinar lebih terang untuk membaca.
Faktor Risiko
• Usia lanjut umumnya lebih dari 40 tahun.
• Presbiopia correction :
▫ 40 years old S + 1.00 D
▫ 45 years old S + 1.50 D
▫ 50 years old S + 2.00 D
▫ 55 years old S + 2.50 D
▫ 60 years old S + 3.00 D
Pemeriksaan Fisik
1. Pemeriksaan refraksi untuk penglihatan jarak jauh
dengan menggunakan Snellen Chart dilakukan
terlebih dahulu.
2. Refraksi penglihatan jarak dekat dengan
menggunakan kartu Jaeger. Lensa sferis +
(disesuaikan usia) ditambahkan pada lensa koreksi
penglihatan jauh, lalu pasien diminta untuk
menyebutkan kalimat hingga kalimat terkecil yang
terbaca pada kartu. Target koreksi sebesar 20/30.
Konseling dan Edukasi
• Memberitahu pasien dan keluarga bahwa presbiopia
merupakan kondisi degeneratif yang dialami hampir
semua orang dan dapat dikoreksi dengan kacamata.
• Pasien perlu kontrol setiap tahun, untuk memeriksa
apakah terdapat perubahan ukuran lensa koreksi.
Anisometropia
Definition
In anisometropia, there is a difference in
refractive power between the two eyes.
Pathophysiology
• Difference in refraction below 4 diopters can be
corrected separately for each eye with different
lenses.
• Difference in refraction is greater than or equal to 4
diopters, the size difference of the two retinal
images becomes too great for the brain to fuse the
two images into one. Known as aniseikonia,
• It can lead to development of amblyopia
(anisometropic amblyopia).
Pathophysiology
Symptoms
• Usually congenital and often asymptomatic.
• Children are not aware that their vision is abnormal.
However, there is a tendency toward strabismus as
binocular functions may remain underdeveloped.
• Where the correction of the anisometropia results in
unacceptable aniseikonia, patients will report
unpleasant visual sensations of double vision.
Treatment
• The refractive error should be corrected.
• Anisometropia exceeding 4 diopters cannot be
corrected with eyeglasses because of the clinically
relevant aniseikonia.
• Contact lenses and, in rare cases, surgical treatment
are indicated.
• Patients with unilateral aphakia or who do not
tolerate contact lenses will require implantation of
an intraocular lens.
Thank You
Refraction
• Convex lense
• Concave lense convergency of light
divergency of light
Refraction Media