INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

AIDING BUOYANCY PULSATILE FLOW AROUND A PAIR OF

SIDE-BY-SIDE CYLINDERS

Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Roorkee

Presented by
Neeraj Kumar Kanaujia
(15515015)

Guided by
Dr. Amit Kumar Dhiman
(Associate Professor)
 Contents

Basic Definitions

Literature Review

Motivation and Objectives

Mathematical Formulation

Numerical Method of
Solution

Results & Discussion

Conclusions and scope for

future

References

2
 Basic definitions

Mixed Convection Newtonian Fluid

• Mixed (combined) convection is
the combination of forced and • The stress v/s strain curve is linear.
𝑑𝑈
free convections • 𝜏 ∝
𝑑𝑦
• Type of transport in which fluid
motion is generated by an • Introducing the constant of
external source and also inner proportionality, μ, we get
𝑑𝑈
volumetric forces. • 𝜏= 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
• Encountered by engineers
designing or analyzing heat
exchangers, pipe flow, and flow
over a plate at a different
temperature than the stream.
𝐺𝑟
• Ri = 2 ; forced convection
𝑅𝑒
dominates for Ri << 1 and
Natural convection dominates for
Ri>>1

3
Contd.
Coefficient of Drag
• CD quantifies the drag or resistance of
an object in a fluid environment.
2𝐹
• Mathematically, 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝐷
𝜌𝑢 𝐴
• 𝐹𝐷 is the drag force component in the
direction of the flow velocity; 𝜌 is the
mass density of fluid; u is the flow
speed of the object relative to the fluid;
and A is the projected area.
Nusselt Number
• Ratio of convective to conductive heat
transfer across (normal to) the
boundary
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝐷
• 𝑁𝑢 = =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑘
• where h is the convective heat transfer
coefficient of the flow; D is
the characteristic length; and k is
the thermal conductivity of the fluid.
4
Literature review

• Was the first to study the problem of combined convection from bodies for
Acrivos the cases, Pr → 0 and Pr → ∞ and obtained the Nusselt number
(1966)

• Studied problem of laminar mixed convection from a horizontal cylinder

considering the limitation of Reynolds number 1< Re <40 and Grashof
number up to Gr = 5 Re2 for air (Pr = 0.7) and result for average Nusselt
Badr (1983) number were plotted

• Insulated vertical channel with a built-in circular cylinder considering air (Pr
= 0.7) as working fluid for Re =100 for various Ri. RiC = 0.15, vortex
shedding stop completely. And for Ri < 0.15, broadening of wake was
Singh et al. observed, whereas for Ri > 0.15, attached twin vortices and separation delays
(1998) were observed.

5
 • Mixed convection square cylinder; 1 ≤ Re ≤ 30, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 100, 0 ≤ Ri ≤ 0.5
and 0.8 ≤ n ≤ 1.5 in a unconfined domain and it was found that for 10 ≤ Re ≤
30 and for all Pr vortex behind the cylinder diminishes gradually as Ri
Dhiman et increases up to Ri = 0.5. Average Nu number decreases with increase in
al. (2007) power-law index for Re = 5 and 30 for both forced and mixed convection.

• Re = 1 - 40, Ri = 0 - 2, Pr = 1 - 100, power-law index (n) = 0.2 - 1.8. Wake

size shows similar trends as that seen in pure forced convection regime (Ri =
0) which decreases with increasing Richardson (Ri) and/or Prandlt number
Srinivas et (Pr). Drag and heat transfer increases with increase in shear thinning
al. (2009) tendency and decrease in shear-thickening tendency of the fluids.

• For aiding and opposing on 2-D laminar flow across a circular cylinder with
physical parameter -0.5 ≤ Ri ≤ +0.5 , 50 ≤ Ri ≤ 150 and blockage ratio (B)
=0.02 (confined domain) ,0.25 (unconfined domain). For both blockage ratio
Gandikota vortex shedding stops completely and stream line becomes symmetric in the
et al. (2010) downstream after a critical Ri at a particular Re.

6
Literature regarding pulsatile flow

• Investigated mass transport flow past a circular cylinder with pulsatile flow
imposed at inlet. This investigation has been performed for ranges Reynolds
number: 5 ≤ Re ≤ 40, Womersley parameter: 0.25 ≤ £ ≤ 4, Amplitude: 0.25 ≤
Zierenberg A ≤ 0.75, Schmidt number: Sc = 1000. Time average Sh decreases with
et al. (2006) increasing A for £ = 0.25, and increases with increasing A for £ = 2 and 4.

• Motivated by TAL (total artificial lung) performed a numerical calculation

regarding pulsatile flow past an oscillating and stationary cylinder.
Associated drag and vorticity magnitude across the cylinder were computed
Qamar et for Re 5, 10 and 20. CD decreases for increasing amplitude, increase in
al. (2011) vorticity was observed up to 246 % with amplitude for every Re.

• Porous and non-porous medium on heat transfer with pulsating flow past a
circular cylinder. The variation of Nusselt number (Nu) with Strouhal number
(St) and amplitude (A) as the Reynold number (Re) was changing from 1 to
Thompson 250. For non-porous medium, the Nusselt number was less than that of the
et al. (2013) steady flow for Re < 10 while for Re > 40 it was more than steady flow.

7
Motivation & Objectives

• Studies of the pulsatile flow past a pair of cylinders

are relatively rarely compared with those of steady
flow past two cylinders.
• When two circular cylinders are placed in a steady
flow, the interference effect between them has a
Motivation significant effect on the vortex shedding flow from
the cylinders.
• The flow generated by vortex shedding around a
vibrating cylindrical body can have very significant
differences from that around a fixed one.
• This study finds its application also in the case of
Total artificial lung (TAL).

8
 • To investigate the characteristics of the pulsatile
flow over two identical heated circular cylinders in
a side-by-side arrangement for Reynolds number 1
and 50 and Pr = 50 under the aiding buoyancy
condition in an unconfined domain
Objectives • Understand the underlying mechanism of flow and
heat transfer characteristics
• To investigate the variation of drag coefficients and
Nusselt number with Ri, A and St
• Analysis of power spectrum density (PSD) of the
lift coefficient

9
Problem Statement and Numerical Formulation
• 2-D unconfined computational domain
• Numerical investigation of heat transfer and flow behavior for mixed convection
aiding buoyancy situation for a Newtonian fluid
• The pulsatile flow is imposed at the inlet in positive y-direction with a constant
temperature maintained at θ∞.
• V(t) = V0 (1+A sin (2πft)) ,where V0 is the time-average velocity, A is the
amplitude of pulsatile flow and f (St = fD/V0) is the frequency of the imposed
pulsatile flow.
• The temperature of the circular cylinder is kept constant at θw.
• Total length of the domain along y-direction is L (=XU + XD), where XU is the
upstream length and XD is downstream length and W is the width of the
computational domain along x-direction.
• The center to center distance between two cylinders is 1.5D with D as the diameter
of the each cylinder.

10
 outlet
XW

slip boundary g

XD
left cylinder right cylinder

1.5 D

D D

XU
V(t) = V 0 (1+ASin(2ft ) )
pulsatile flow

Figure 1. Schematic of 2-D computational domain for upward flow past a pair of side-by- side
circular cylinder
11
Continuity equation:
𝜕U 𝜕V (1)
+ =0
𝜕X 𝜕Y
Momentum equation along X-direction:
(2)
𝜕(UUሻ 𝜕UV 𝜕U 𝜕P 1 𝜕2U 𝜕2U
+ + = − + +
𝜕X 𝜕Y 𝜕t 𝜕X Re 𝜕X 2 𝜕Y 2

Momentum equation along Y-direction:

𝜕(UVሻ 𝜕VV 𝜕V 𝜕P 1 𝜕2V 𝜕2V

+ + = − + + + Riϕ (3)
𝜕X 𝜕Y 𝜕t 𝜕Y Re 𝜕X 2 𝜕Y 2

2-D unsteady state Energy equations:

𝜕ϕ 𝜕(Uϕሻ 𝜕(Vϕሻ 1 𝜕2 ϕ 𝜕2 ϕ
+ + = + (4)
𝜕t 𝜕X 𝜕Y Re∗Pr 𝜕X2 𝜕Y2

12
Dimensionless form of mathematical variables

u෤ v෤ x෤ y෤ p෤ θ − θ∞ ǁ 0
tV
U= ; V= ; X= ; Y= ; P= ; ϕ= ;t = ;
V0 V0 D D ρV02 θw − θ∞ D

ρV0 D μcp Gr gβ(θw − θ∞ ሻD

Re = ; Pr = ; Ri = =
μ k Re2 V02

13
Boundary condition
At the inlet boundary,
At time, t = 0
Pulsation Velocity, V(0) = V0, U = 0; Pressure, p෤ = 0; temperature, θ = θ∞ ;
At time, t > 0
V (t) = V0 (1+A sin (2πft)), U = 0, ϕ = 0;

At the both vertical boundaries

𝜕V 𝜕ϕ
= 0, U = 0, =0
𝜕X 𝜕X

At the exit of the computational domain

𝜕U 𝜕V 𝜕ϕ
= = =0
𝜕Y 𝜕Y 𝜕Y

Both heated cylindrical bluff bodies

U = V = 0, ϕ = 1;

14
 Numerical Method of Solution
Numerical Methodology
User Input
 Density: a constant density method is
used for pure forced convection (Ri=0)
and use boussinesq approximation for Ri
= 0.5, 1
 Viscosity: Fluid is Newtonian hence
viscosity does not vary
 Temperature of fluid is taken 298K and
that of cylinder 300K. Specific heat is 50
and thermal conductivity of fluid 1
 Time step (Δt)
 A user defined function (UDF) is created
to incorporate the pulsatile flow at inlet
 A custom field function is created for
Nusselt number
The ALGORITHM to obtain the solution is as
follows:
 The mesh generated is exported as a “.msh”
file that can be imported into ANSYS FLUENT.
 The various user inputs are given pertaining
to the problem like density, viscosity etc.
 Parameter drag coefficient is defined
 A custom field function is defined for Nusselt
number
 The time step and number of iterations are
specified.
 The post processed results are studied to get
an idea about the flow
15
 60

40

Y20

-20

-40

-20 0 20
X

Figure 2. Schematic of whole computational grid

16
• Minimum size of mesh element 1.5
0.01D is taken on the cylinder in the
computational domain 1

• Size of mesh varies from 0.01D to

0.03D from the periphery up to a 0.5

distance of 0.75D

Y
0
• Mesh size varies from 0.03D to 1D
to a distance of 20D in both -0.5
upstream and downstream
• From 20D to 70D mesh size is -1

constant and equal to 1D

-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
X

Figure 3. enlarged view around pair of

cylinders

17
 PARAMETER TO BE STUDIED VALUES TO BE ENCOMPASSED

Re 1, 50

Ri 0, 0.5, 1

A 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8

St 0, 0.1, 1, 2

Pr 50

Total number of cases which has been studied is 72 (excluding the cases for domain dependence
test )
18
18
Results & Discussions

19
Domain Dependence tests

Upstream
dependence

Downstrea-
Time
m
dependence
dependence
Optimized domain

Grid Width
dependence dependence

20
Upstream dependence test
Table 1. Upstream dependence (XU) test For Re = 50, Ri = 0 and 1, Pr = 50, St = 0, 0.1 and
2.0, A = 0.2 and 0.8 and n = 1
% Deviation
Physical % Deviation
Ri St XU = 60D (50D and XU = 50D X = 40D
Parameter (50D and 40D) U
60D)
0 0.2 0 CD 8.0461 0.0261 8.044 0.1504 8.0561
Nu 1.7966 0.0779 1.7952 0.0501 1.7961
0.1 CD 8.0592 0.0434 8.0627 0.2307 8.0813
Nu 1.7914 0.0223 1.7918 0.0781 1.7932
2 CD 8.1487 1.2713 8.0464 0.1914 8.0618
Nu 1.7946 0.0111 1.7944 0.0780 1.7958
0.8 0 CD 8.0461 0.0261 8.0440 0.1504 8.0561
Nu 1.7966 0.0017 1.7952 0.0501 1.7961
0.1 CD 8.3556 1.3869 8.2413 1.5677 8.3705
Nu 1.7459 0.0458 1.7451 0.1662 1.748
2 CD 8.0754 0.0346 8.0782 0.4580 8.1152
Nu 1.7909 0.0167 1.7912 0.4410 1.7991

21
Upstream dependence test
% Deviation
Physical % Deviation
Ri St XU = 60D (50D and XU = 50D X = 40D
Parameter (50D and 40D) U
60D)
1 0.2 0 CD 12.9524 0.0177 12.9547 0.0733 12.9642
Nu 2.1903 0.0045 2.1904 0.2191 2.1952
0.1 CD 12.9881 0.0838 12.999 0.0177 13.0013
Nu 2.1888 0.0046 2.1889 0.0274 2.1895
2 CD 12.9682 0.0292 12.972 0.0054 12.9727
Nu 2.1905 0.0593 2.1918 0.0365 2.191
0.8 0 CD 12.9524 0.0177 12.9547 0.0733 12.9642
Nu 2.1903 0.0046 2.1904 0.2191 2.1952
0.1 CD 13.5331 0.1888 13.5587 0.1195 13.5425
Nu 2.1668 0.0138 2.1671 0.0277 2.1677
2 CD 13.0549 0.4107 13.0015 0.1615 13.0225
Nu 2.1897 0.1188 2.1871 0.0823 2.1889

22
Downstream dependence test
Table 2. Downstream dependence (XD) test For Re = 50, Ri = 0 and 1, Pr = 50, St = 0, 0.1
and 2.0, A = 0.2 and 0.8 and n = 1
% Deviation % Deviation
Physical
Ri A St XD = 60D (60D and XD = 70D (70D and XD = 80D
Parameter
70D) 80D)
0 0.2 0 CD 1.5770 0.6253 1.5672 0.0766 1.5684
Nu 16.0133 1.3365 15.8021 0.1943 15.8328
0.1 CD 1.6516 0.4118 1.65843 0.1827 1.6554
Nu 16.9449 0.0254 16.9492 0.0242 16.9451
2 CD 1.57 0.5888 1.5793 0.0063 1.5792
Nu 15.8044 0.6637 15.91 0.0572 15.9009
0.8 0 CD 1.577 0.6253 1.5672 0.0766 1.5684
Nu 16.0133 0.2058 15.9804 0.9236 15.8328
0.1 CD 2.0737 0.1497 2.0706 0.0289 2.0712
Nu 17.3373 0.0121 17.3394 0.2209 17.3011
2 CD 1.6126 1.230 1.593 0.0816 1.5917
Nu 16.6771 1.4718 16.4352 0.0012 16.4354

23
Downstream dependence test

%
% Deviation
Physical Deviation
Ri A St XD = 60D (60D and XD = 70D XD = 80D
Parameter (70D and
70D)
80D)
1 0.2 0 CD 2.165 0.4221 2.1559 0.3804 2.1641
Nu 16.899 0.1647 16.8712 0.3384 16.8141
0.1 CD 2.2593 0.0487 2.2582 0.0575 2.2595
Nu 17.1522 0.1176 17.1724 0.0087 17.1739
2 CD 2.1688 0.1243 2.1715 0.0092 2.1717
Nu 16.8853 0.1703 16.8566 0.0006 16.8567
0.8 0 CD 2.165 0.1243 2.1559 0.3804 2.1641
Nu 16.8990 0.1702 16.8712 0.3384 16.8141
0.1 CD 2.4358 0.0902 2.438 0.1354 2.4347
Nu 18.2612 0.1072 18.2808 0.0366 18.2741
2 CD 2.2225 0.0988 2.2247 0.2517 2.2191
Nu 16.4313 0.0006 16.4312 0.0006 16.4311

24
Width dependence test
Table 3. Width dependence (XW) test For Re = 50, Ri = 0 and 1, Pr = 50, St = 0, 0.1 and 2.0,
A = 0.2 and 0.8 and n = 1

% Deviation % Deviation
Physical
Ri A St XW = 60D (60D and XW = 50D (50D and XW = 40D
Parameter
50D) 40D)
0 0.2 0 CD 1.5734 0.3956 1.5672 0.9380 1.5819
Nu 15.9141 0.7088 15.8021 0.6164 15.8995
0.1 CD 1.6405 1.0811 1.65843 0.1731 1.6613
Nu 16.8989 0.2968 16.9492 0.0425 16.9564
2 CD 1.6074 1.7793 1.5793 1.5576 1.6039
Nu 15.9776 0.4249 15.91 0.0572 15.9009
0.8 0 CD 1.5734 0.3956 1.5672 0.9379 1.5819
Nu 16.0412 0.3805 15.9804 0.5062 15.8995
0.1 CD 2.0654 0.2511 2.0706 0.6520 2.0841
Nu 17.3233 0.0928 17.3394 0.1817 17.3709
2 CD 1.5946 0.1004 1.593 0.5901 1.5836
Nu 16.54 0.6377 16.4352 0.7660 16.561125
Width dependence test

%
% Deviation
Physical Deviation
Ri A St XW = 60D (60D and XW = 50D XW = 40D
Parameter (50D and
50D)
40D)
1 0.2 0 CD 2.1596 0.1716 2.1559 1.0390 2.1783
Nu 16.888 0.0996 16.8712 0.2880 16.9198
0.1 CD 2.2528 0.2391 2.2582 0.5447 2.2705
Nu 17.141 0.1828 17.1724 0.1264 17.1941
2 CD 2.1657 0.2671 2.1715 0.4651 2.1816
Nu 16.8451 0.0682 16.8566 0.0985 16.8732
0.8 0 CD 2.1596 0.1716 2.1559 1.0390 2.1783
Nu 16.888 0.0996 16.8712 0.2881 16.9198
0.1 CD 2.4153 0.9311 2.438 0.5045 2.4257
Nu 18.1134 0.9157 18.2808 0.5279 18.3773
2 CD 2.2179 0.3057 2.2247 0.2742 2.2308
Nu 16.4345 0.0201 16.4312 0.1132 16.4498
26
Grid dependence test
Table 4. Grid dependence test For Re = 50, Ri = 0 and 1, Pr = 50, St = 0, 0.1 and 2.0, A = 0.2
and 0.8 and n = 1

Physical G1 G2 G3
Ri A St % Deviation % Deviation
Parameter (76926) (114000) (184138)

0 0.2 0 CD 1.5670 0.0128 1.5672 0.1276 1.5692

Nu 15.9802 1.1271 15.8021 0.1088 15.8193
0.1 CD 1.6512 0.4360 1.65843 0.2551 1.6542
Nu 17.0526 0.6101 16.9492 0.1103 16.9305
2 CD 1.5702 0.5762 1.5793 0.5129 1.5712
Nu 15.9707 0.3815 15.91 0.5826 15.8173
0.8 0 CD 1.567 0.0128 1.5672 0.1276 1.5692
Nu 15.9802 0.0013 15.9804 1.0081 15.8193
0.1 CD 2.0725 0.0918 2.0706 0.0241 2.0711
Nu 17.5006 0.9297 17.3394 0.1788 17.3084
2 CD 1.597 0.2511 1.593 0.0251 1.5926
Nu 16.5142 0.4807 16.4352 0.1679 16.4628

27
Grid dependence test
Physical G1 G2 G3
Ri A St % Deviation % Deviation
Parameter (76926) (114000) (184138)
1 0.2 0 CD 2.1641 0.3804 2.1559 1.0947 2.1795
Nu 17.0513 1.0675 16.8712 0.0563 16.8807
0.1 CD 2.2573 0.0399 2.2582 0.1461 2.2615
Nu 17.3373 0.9602 17.1724 0.1945 17.139
2 CD 2.1682 0.1520 2.1715 0.0276 2.1721
Nu 17.0075 0.8952 16.8566 0.2148 16.8204
0.8 0 CD 2.1641 0.3804 2.1559 1.0947 2.1795
Nu 17.0513 1.0675 16.8712 0.0563 16.8807
0.1 CD 2.4316 0.2625 2.438 0.2584 2.4317
Nu 18.1472 0.7308 18.2808 0.1936 18.3162
2 CD 2.2178 0.3102 2.2247 0.1124 2.2222
Nu 16.6279 1.1971 16.4312 0.2477 16.3905

28
Time dependence test
Table 5. Time dependence test For Re = 50, Ri = 0 and 1, Pr = 50, St = 0, 0.1 and 2.0, A = 0.2
and 0.8 and n = 1
Physical
Ri A St Δt = 0.005 % Deviation Δt = 0.001
Parameter
0 0.2 0 CD 1.5734 0.3956 1.5672
Nu 15.9141 0.7087 15.8021
0.1 CD 1.6405 1.0811 1.65843
Nu 16.8989 0.2968 16.9492
2 CD 1.6074 1.7793 1.5793
Nu 15.9776 0.4249 15.91
0.8 0 CD 1.5734 0.3956 1.5672
Nu 16.0412 0.3805 15.9804
0.1 CD 2.0654 0.2511 2.0706
Nu 17.3233 0.0929 17.3394
2 CD 1.5946 0.1004 1.593
Nu 16.54 0.6377 16.4352

29
Time dependence test

Physical
Ri A St Δt = 0.005 % Deviation Δt = 0.001
Parameter

1 0.2 0 CD 2.1596 0.1716 2.1559

Nu 16.888 0.0996 16.8712
0.1 CD 2.2528 0.2391 2.2582
Nu 17.141 0.1829 17.1724
2 CD 2.1657 0.2671 2.1715
Nu 16.8451 0.0682 16.8566
0.8 0 CD 2.1596 0.1716 2.1559
Nu 16.888 0.0996 16.8712
0.1 CD 2.4153 0.9311 2.438
Nu 18.1134 0.9157 18.2808
2 CD 2.2179 0.3057 2.2247
Nu 16.4345 0.0201 16.4312

30
Validation

Table 6. Validation of the present results for non-pulsatile flow with Srinivas et al. (2009)

Re = 1, Pr = 50, n = 1
Total drag coefficient (CD)
Ri Present work Srinivas et al. (2009)
0 10.1943 10.3262
1 15.1049 15.1969

Nusselt number (Nu)

Present work Srinivas et al. (2009)
0 2.6871 2.6970
1 2.9764 2.9976

31
Validation

Table 7. Validation of the present result for pulsatile flow with Qamar et al. (2011)

Re Total drag coefficient (CD)

Present work Qamar et al. (2011)

5 4.3763 4.4512

20 2.1932 2.2352

32
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
6 6 6

4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
At Re = 1 streamlines shows the
6
(d) A = 0.2, St = 1.0
6
(e) A = 0.4, St = 1.0
6
(f) A = 0.8, St = 1.0 bodies behave like a single bluff
body
4 4 4

2 2 2
All figure (a-i) shows steady
0 0 0 symmetric pattern for entire A
and St
-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0 (h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0 (i) A = 0.8, St = 2.0

6 6 6 The effect of pulsation in the
4
imposed flow creates the
4 4
symmetric vortex pair in the
2 2 2 downstream of the cylinders
even at Re = 1
0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

Figure 4. Streamline contours at Re = 1, Ri = 0 and n = 1 for

various cases of A and St
33
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
6 6 6

4 4 4
26.6623

2 2 2

0 0 0
Addition in buoyancy does not
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-4 -2 0
22.4308
2 4
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4 change the steady symmetric
6
(d) A = 0.2, St = 1.0 (e) A = 0.4, St = 1.0 (f) A = 0.8, St = 1.0 pattern
6 6

4 4 4
A and St causes slight change in
2 2 2 the behaviour of streamlines
0 0 0
from the case of Ri = 0
-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0 (h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0 (i) A = 0.8, St = 2.0

Figure (g, h, i) shows variation in
6 6 6
the recirculation zone with A
4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

Figure 5. Streamline contours at Re = 1, Ri = 1 and n = 1

for various cases of A and St

34
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
6 6 6

4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
At higher Re coupled effect in the
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
streamline is observed
(d) A = 0.2, St = 1.0 (e) A = 0.4, St = 1.0 (f) A = 0.8, St = 1.0
6 6 6

4 4 4 Time periodic flow pattern is

2 2 2
shown in all figure except figure
(c, e, f)
0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
Figure (c, e, f) shows separated
6
(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0
6
(h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0
6
(i) A = 0.8, St = 2.0 double body periodic pattern

4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

Figure 6. Streamline contours at Re = 50, Ri = 0 and n = 1

for various cases of A and St
35
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
6 6 6

4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
Increase in Ri suppress the length
(d) A = 0.2, St = 1.0 (e) A = 0.4, St = 1.0 (f) A = 0.8, St = 1.0
6 6 6 of the wake
4 4 4

2 2 2 Suppression is more at higher

frequency
0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
Increase in Ri make the separated
6
(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0
6
(h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0
6
(i) A = 0.8, St = 2.0
double body steady pattern to a
double body periodic pattern
4 4 4

2 2 2

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

Figure 7. Streamline contours at Re = 50, Ri = 1 and n = 1 for

various cases of A and St
36
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
6 6 6
0.05 0.05 0.05

4 4 4
0.55 0.55
0.55
2 2 2

0.95 0.95 0.95

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

(d) A = 0.2, St = 1.0 (e) A = 0.4, St = 1.0 (f) A = 0.8, St = 1.0 Isotherms are made for same value
6
6
0.05
6
0.05 0.05 of the dimensionless temperature
4 4 4

0.55 0.55 0.55

2 2 2
All isotherms shows behaviour like
0
0.95
0
0.95
0
0.95
a single bluff body at this Re
-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0 (h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0 (i) A = 0.8, St = 2.0

All the isotherms found are in
6
0.05
6
0.05
6 similar dimension
0.05
4 4 4

0.55 0.55 0.55

2 2 2

0.95 0.95 0.95

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

Figure 8. Isotherms around the cylinders at Re = 1, Ri =

0 and n = 1 for various cases of A and St

37
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
6 6 6
0.16
4 0.16 0.16 4 4

0.16
2 0.25 2 2
0.48 0.16 0.25
0.25 0.48
0 0 0.48 0
Isotherms shows the behaviour like
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4 a separated double body unsteady
6
(d) A0.16
= 0.2, St = 1.0
6
(e) A0.16
= 0.4, St = 1.0
6
(f) A0.16
= 0.8, St = 1.0 pattern
0.16 0.16
0.16

4 4 0.25 4 0.25
At higher Re and higher A,
0.25
isotherms are found in dispersed
2 2 2
0.48 0.48 0.48 manner.
0 0 0
Isotherms at higher frequency are
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4
-2
-4 -2 0 2 4
found in symmetric with X = 0 and
0.16
have a long tail

0.16
(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0 (h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0 (i) A0.16
= 0.8, St = 2.0
6 6 6
0.16 0.16 0.16
4 4 0.25 4 0.25
0.25

2 0.48 2 0.48 2 0.48

0 0 0

-2 -2 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4

Figure 9. Isotherms around the cylinders at Re = 50, Ri =

0.5 and n = 1 for various cases of A and St

38
 (a) A = 0.2, St = 0.1 (b) A = 0.4, St = 0.1 (c) A = 0.8, St = 0.1
4.8 30 70

4 60

PSD of CL
50
3.2 20
40
2.4
30
1.6 10
20
0.8 10
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(d) A = 0.2, St = 1.0 (e) A = 0.4, St = 1.0 (f) A = 0.8, St = 1.0
0.5 3 18

0.4 2.5
PSD of CL

2 12
0.3
1.5
0.2
1 6
0.1
0.5
0 0 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.5 1 1.5 2

(g) A = 0.2, St = 2.0 (h) A = 0.4, St = 2.0 (i) A = 0.8, St = 2.0

0.15 1.5 4

3
PSD of CL

0.1 1

2
0.05 0.5
1

0 0 0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
St St St

Figure 10. Power spectrum density (PSD) of CL at Re = 50, Ri = 1, n = 1 and Pr = 50 for

different values of A and St
 (a) Ri = 0 (b) Ri = 0.5 (c) Ri = 1.0
14 14 14

13 13 13
A =0
12 A = 0.2 12 12
A = 0.4
11 A = 0.8 11 11
CD

10 10 10

9 9 9

8 8 8

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(a1) Ri = 0 (b1) Ri = 0.5 (c1) Ri = 1.0

11.4
13.6
8.4
11.2
13.4
8.2
11 13.2
CD

8 13
10.8

12.8
7.8 10.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
St St St

Figure 11. Variation in total drag coefficient (CD) with Strouhal number (St) for different values
of A at Re = 1 (a-c) and corresponding enlarged views (a1-c1)
 (a) Ri = 0 (b) Ri = 0.5 (c) Ri = 1.0
2.2 2.2 2.2

2 2 2
Nu

1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(a1) Ri = 0 (b1) Ri = 0.5 (c1) Ri = 1.0

1.8 2.03 2.2

2.02
1.79 2.19
Nu

2.01
1.78 2.18
2

1.77 2.17
1.99

1.76 1.98 2.16

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
St St St

Figure 12. Variation in Nusselt number (Nu) with Strouhal number (St) for different values
of A at Re = 1 (a-c) and corresponding enlarged view (a1-c1)
 (a) Ri = 0 (b) Ri = 0.5 (c) Ri = 1.0
2.4 2.4 2.4

2.2 A =0 2.2 2.2

A = 0.2
A = 0.4
2 2 2
CD

A = 0.8

1.8 1.8 1.8

1.6 1.6 1.6

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(d) Ri = 0 (e) Ri = 0.5 (f) Ri = 1.0

18.5 18.5 18.5

18 18 18

17.5 17.5 17.5

Nu

17 17 17

16.5 16.5 16.5

16 16 16

15.5 15.5 15.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
St St St

Figure 13. Variation in total drag coefficient (CD) and Nusselt number (Nu) with
Strouhal number (St) for different values of A at Re = 50
Conclusion and Scope for future work

• CD is found increasing with Ri at both Re ie. at 1 and 50

and is found to be decreasing with Strouhal number for
the pulsatile fluid flow and it tries to achieve the values
found for non-pulsatile flow ie. the steady flow.
• CD is higher for higher pulsation amplitude (A) at a
particular pulsation frequency (St) while, CD is observed to
be decreasing with St at Re = 50 for all Ri and have the
Conclusion same influence of A as it is seen in the case of Re = 1
• Average Nusselt number is continuously increasing with
the Strouhal number for all A till it reaches to the steady
case at Re =1 whereas at Re = 50 it is found more than the
steady case (non-pulsating) and decreases with the
increase in the St.
• The power spectrum density of CL showing the instability
at amplitude A = 0.8, stable for A < 0.8.

43
Conti…..

• This present work is concerned with the investigation of only gap

ratio of 1.5D and a fluid with a Pr = 50 at only two Reynolds Re =1
and 50. Further research can be extended in the following
aspects:
• A similar study can be performed for fluids with different Prandlt
Scope number (Pr) and variation in heat transfer and flow behaviour
for with A and St could be analyse.
future • Numerical investigation with various gap ratio could be done and
enhancement in the heat transfer for every case could be analyse.
work • A similar study can be performed for oscillating cylinder along
with the pulsatile flow which may increase heat transfer from the
cylinder due to oscillation of the cylinder.
• The study can also performed taking more than two cylinders or
for staggered arrangement.

44
Re = 50, Ri = 0.5, A = 0.2, St = 0.1

45
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Thank you

50