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SAINS TINGKATAN 3

SCIENCE FORM 3

BAB 1 RESPIRASI
Chapter 1 Respiration
1.1 Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia
1.1 The Human Breathing Mechanism

Sistem pernafasan manusia The human respiratory system

• Respiration – the chemical process whereby energy is


released from glucose or other simple substances
• Glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon dioxide + water
• Our body take oxygen and release carbon dioxide
• Breathing – the process of exchange of gases
Nose

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx
Respiration
organ
Trachea
Ribs
The human
respiratory Bronchi
system Intercostal
muscles
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NUxv
JS-_0k
Flow of air from atmosphere to the lungs

Nasal
Nostril Trachea
Cavity

Alveoli Bronchioles Bronchus


Assignment 1
Bahagian / Parts Structure Function
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Broncus
Lungs
Ribs cage
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscle
Thoraic cavity
Alveolus / alveoli
Structure of the lungs
• The lungs are a pair of spongy organs
lying in the chest cavity formed by the ribs.
• The actual exchange of gases between
the air and the body takes place in the
capillary-covered alveoli inside the lungs.
• Here, oxygen from the air in the alveoli
goes into the blood, and the carbon
dioxide in the blood goes out.
An alveolus adaptation
• A very large surface area compare to
its volume
• Thin and elastic walls
• Surrounded by a network of blood
capillaries
• moist
• The act of breathing has two stages – inhalation and exhalation
1. Inhalation – the intake of air into the lungs through
expansion of chest volume.
2. Exhalation – the expulsion of air from the lungs through
contraction of chest volume.

• Inhalation and exhalation involves muscles:


a) Rib muscles = the muscles between the ribs in the chest.
b) Diaphragm muscle

• Muscle movement – the diaphragm and rib muscles are


constantly contracting and relaxing (approximately 16 times per
minute), thus causing the chest cavity to increase and decrease.

• involuntary and therefore their control requires an effort.


During inhalation – the muscles contract:

• Contraction of the diaphragm muscle – causes the


diaphragm to flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity.

• Contraction of the rib muscles – causes the ribs to


rise, thus increasing the chest volume.

• The chest cavity expands, thus reducing air


pressure and causing air to be passively drawn into
the lungs. Air passes from the high pressure outside
the lungs to the low pressure inside the lungs.
During exhalation – the muscles relax:

• The muscles are no longer contracting, they are


relaxed.

• The diaphragm curves and rises, the ribs descend –


and chest volume decreases.

• The chest cavity contracts thus increasing air


pressure and causing the air in the lungs to be
expelled through the upper respiratory tract.
Exhalation, too, is passive. Air passes from the high
pressure in the lungs to the low pressure in the
upper respiratory tract.
1.2 PENGANGKUTAN OKSIGEN DALAM BADAN
1.2 Transport of Oxygen in the Human Body

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNIY7
9vVVX4

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZvzl8
KH6iI
1.3 KEPENTINGAN SISTEM PERNAFASAN YANG SIHAT
1.3 The Importance of a Healthy Respiration System

• The quality of the air can have significant


effects on our respiratory system.
• As air moves into our lungs, harmful
substances in the air may enter too. These
harmful substances can cause disease or
even death.
• Air pollutants include smoke of cigarettes,
gases from the industries, exhaust of
engines and haze.
• 2. Harmful substances in air pollutantsAir
pollutant Harmful substancesCigarette
Smoke Nicotine, TarGases from Factories
Sulphur dioxide, NitrogenDioxideExhaust
Fumes Carbon MonoxideHaze Smoke,
Dust
The effects of harmful substances
on the respiratory system
• Nicotine
a) Nicotine is a drug that causes addiction tocigarette smoking.
b) Nicotine causes rapid heartbeat, increased bloodpressure and
rapid breathing.
c) The disease related

• Tar
a) Tar contains carcinogens (substances thatcause cancer).
b) Tar also irritates the respiratory tract, causingsmoker’s cough.

• Sulphur dioxide
a) Exposure to sulphur dioxide can cause the irritation of the
respiratory system.
b) It can cause temporary or permanent damage to the lungs
The effects of harmful substances
on the respiratory system
• Carbon monoxide
a) Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the blood faster
than oxygen can, hence it is poisonous gas which causes
suffocation.
b) Low concentration of carbon monoxide can cause dizziness,
headache and fatigue whereas high concentrations can fatal.
• Particular matter (fine particles in the air)
a) Continuous exposure to particulate matter causes coughing, nasal
congestion, watery nose, constant sneezing and chest pain.
b) Those who are very likely to be affected by haze are children, the
elderly and people with illnesses like asthma, bronchitis and
pneumonia.
Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Asthma
This disease is caused by the narrowing of the fine
airways (bronchi and bronchioles) due to the contraction
of muscles in their walls. This is perhaps because of
sensitivity to air pollutants including smoke.
A patient will find it different to breathe, wheezing and
feeling tightness in the chest.
• Heart disease
Nicotine raises the blood pressure and increase the level
of “bad” cholesterol in the blood.
This makes a smoker more likely to suffer from a stroke
or a heart attack.
Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis can be defined as a condition
characterized by recurrent or chronic cough every day over
a period of several months.
This disease is caused by the inflammation of the lining of
the bronchioles. This may be due to infection by bacteria or
viruses, or chemicals such as those found in tobacco
smoke.
Smokers cough is an early sign of chronic bronchitis.
In severe cases, the patient may turn blue which is
specially noticeable at the lips and fingers due to poor
oxygenation of blood.
Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Lung cancer
This disease is caused by a change in the cells inside the
lungs such that they divide out of control and produce
lumps of cells (tumours)Which interfere with the normal
functions of the lungs.
90% of lung cancer patients have been heavy smokers.
The risk of developing this disease is directly related to the
amount of tar that gets into the lungs.
Lung cancer may not have any symptoms. When it is
detected, the cancer cells may have spread from the lungs
to other organs.
Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Emphysema
• Emphysema is a condition in which the
structure of the alveoli is broken down by
coughing. This reduces the surface area
for gas exchange.
Ways to improve air quality Improving
indoor air quality

• Avoid smoking indoors


• Make sure there is a steady supply of
fresh air.
• Minimize air conditioning use
• Keep carpets and floor dust free
• Maintain a low humidity to prevent mould
growth.
Improving outdoor air quality
• Avoid open burning of leaves and trash
• Do not allow cars or other motor vehicles idle for
more than a minute.
• Walk, ride a bicycle, car pool or use public
transportation.
• Keep the motor vehicle well maintained and use
a fuel –efficient vehicle.
• Reduce, reuse and recycle waste materials.
• Implement laws and regulations to control air
pollution.

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