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SCIENCE FORM 3
BAB 1 RESPIRASI
Chapter 1 Respiration
1.1 Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia
1.1 The Human Breathing Mechanism
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Respiration
organ
Trachea
Ribs
The human
respiratory Bronchi
system Intercostal
muscles
Bronchioles
Diaphragm
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NUxv
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Flow of air from atmosphere to the lungs
Nasal
Nostril Trachea
Cavity
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNIY7
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• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZvzl8
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1.3 KEPENTINGAN SISTEM PERNAFASAN YANG SIHAT
1.3 The Importance of a Healthy Respiration System
• Tar
a) Tar contains carcinogens (substances thatcause cancer).
b) Tar also irritates the respiratory tract, causingsmoker’s cough.
• Sulphur dioxide
a) Exposure to sulphur dioxide can cause the irritation of the
respiratory system.
b) It can cause temporary or permanent damage to the lungs
The effects of harmful substances
on the respiratory system
• Carbon monoxide
a) Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin in the blood faster
than oxygen can, hence it is poisonous gas which causes
suffocation.
b) Low concentration of carbon monoxide can cause dizziness,
headache and fatigue whereas high concentrations can fatal.
• Particular matter (fine particles in the air)
a) Continuous exposure to particulate matter causes coughing, nasal
congestion, watery nose, constant sneezing and chest pain.
b) Those who are very likely to be affected by haze are children, the
elderly and people with illnesses like asthma, bronchitis and
pneumonia.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Asthma
This disease is caused by the narrowing of the fine
airways (bronchi and bronchioles) due to the contraction
of muscles in their walls. This is perhaps because of
sensitivity to air pollutants including smoke.
A patient will find it different to breathe, wheezing and
feeling tightness in the chest.
• Heart disease
Nicotine raises the blood pressure and increase the level
of “bad” cholesterol in the blood.
This makes a smoker more likely to suffer from a stroke
or a heart attack.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis can be defined as a condition
characterized by recurrent or chronic cough every day over
a period of several months.
This disease is caused by the inflammation of the lining of
the bronchioles. This may be due to infection by bacteria or
viruses, or chemicals such as those found in tobacco
smoke.
Smokers cough is an early sign of chronic bronchitis.
In severe cases, the patient may turn blue which is
specially noticeable at the lips and fingers due to poor
oxygenation of blood.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Lung cancer
This disease is caused by a change in the cells inside the
lungs such that they divide out of control and produce
lumps of cells (tumours)Which interfere with the normal
functions of the lungs.
90% of lung cancer patients have been heavy smokers.
The risk of developing this disease is directly related to the
amount of tar that gets into the lungs.
Lung cancer may not have any symptoms. When it is
detected, the cancer cells may have spread from the lungs
to other organs.
Diseases of the Respiratory System
• Emphysema
• Emphysema is a condition in which the
structure of the alveoli is broken down by
coughing. This reduces the surface area
for gas exchange.
Ways to improve air quality Improving
indoor air quality