SURVEYING II (CE 6404)

UNIT II
SURVEY ADJUSTMENTS

By
Mr.R.GOPALAKRISHNAN,
Asst.Professor in Civil Engineering,
Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering
 Error sources – precautions and
corrections – classification of errors , true
and most probable values –weighed
observations – method of equal shifts,
principle of least squares – normal
equation- correlates – level nets –
adjustments of simple triangulation
networks.
Kinds of errors
 Mistakes
 Systematic errors
 Accidental errors
Different terms of errors
 Independent Quantity
 Conditioned Quantity
 Direct observation
 Indirect observation
 Weight of an observation
 Observed value of a quantity
 True value of a quantity
 Most probable value
 Residual errors
Probability curve
Probable error for a single measurement:
Es = ± 0.6745 * Sq. root {∑ V² / n-1}
Where, Es – Probable error of single observation
V – Difference between any single observation and mean
n – no. of observations.
Probable error of an average:
Em = Es/ Sq.root (n)
Where, Em – probable error of the mean.
Principle of Least Square:
In observations of equal precision , the most probable values
of the observed quantities are those that render the sum of
the squares of the residual errors a minimum
Laws of weights
Determination of Probable Error
Direct observation of Equal weight on a
Single Unknown Quantity.
1. p.e. Of single observation of unit weight
2. p.e. Of single observation of weight w
3. p.e. Of single arithmetic mean
Cont’d.
Direct observation of Unqual weight on a
Single Quantity.
1. p.e. Of single observation of unit weight
2. p.e. Of single observation of weight w
3. p.e. Of weighted arithmetic mean
Direct observation of unequal weight
Problem:
The following are the observed values of an angle:
Angle 40°20’20” wt. 2, 40°20’18” wt. 2, 40°20’19” wt. 3,
Find the P.E. of a single observation of unit weight, P.E. of
weighted arithmetic mean, P.E. of single observation of weight
3.
Solution:
Value Weight Value * V v² wv²
Weight
20° 2 40° +1 1 2

18° 2 36° -1 1 2

19° 3 57° 0 0 0

∑w = 7 Weighted ∑w v² = 4
mean= 19°
Problem 2.
The angles of a triangle ABC recorded were as follows:

Inst station Angle Weight

A 77° 14' 20" 4
B 49° 40' 35" 3
C 53° 04' 53" 2
Give the corrected values of the angles.
Solution:
Sum of observed angles = 77° 14' 20" + 49° 40' 35" + 53° 04' 53"
= 179O 59’ 48’’
Error = - 12”
Total correction = 12”
Let C1, C2 & C3 be the corrections to the observed angles A, B
and C. The error will be distributed to the angles in an inverse
proportion to their weights.
A = 77° 14' 20" + C1
B = 49° 40' 35" + C2
C = 53° 04' 53" + C3
Normal Equations
Rule 1: To form a Normal equation for each of
the unknown quantities multiply each
observation equation by the algebric co-
efficient of that unknown quantity in that
equation and add the results.
Rule 2: To form the Normal equation for each
of the unknown quantities, multiply each
observation equation by the product of the
algebric coefficient of that unknown qty. in
that equation and weight of that
observation and add the results.
Triangulation adjustments
Figure Adjustment
The determination of the most probable value of the
angles involved in any geometrical figure so as to fulfil
geometrical conditions is called the figure adjustment.
Adjustments of a Triangle: