Difference Between Plumbing

& Piping
Plumbing Piping/ Pipeline

No Engineer Engineer

No Hazardous Hazardous

Small Diameter Large Diameter

No Vibration Vibration

Less Temperature High Temperature

MRPL ONGC HPCL IOCL

Production
Maintenance
Operation Engineer
 CONSULTANT
( DESIGN)

L&T TOYO TECHNIP

Pipe Design
Engineer
 CONTRACTOR
( CONSTRUCTION)

SAMSUNG ARAMCO SABIC

Piping Site
Engineer
 INSPECTOR
(INSPECTION)

NDT

ET
UT LPT

RT MPT VT
 Pipe Design Engineer
( Consultant)

Piping Piping Piping

Layout Stress Material
Engineer Engineer Engineer

PDS Material
PDMS CAESAR ΙΙ Sciences &
SP3D Metallurgy
 ORGANISATION CHART

Naval Process Instrumentation

Architect (10) (6)
(5)

BDM Piping Mechanical

(5) (60) (10)

Project Electrical
Manager Structural (5)
(5) (15)
 SCOPE OF PIPING

 Hydrocarbon Industry

 Power Sector

 Paper Industry

 Alcohol Industry

 Chemical Industry

 Food & Beverage

 Mining
 Piping Layout Engineer

Checking
&
3D Design
Issues

Extraction
 Piping Stress

Caesar Support
Calculation Location
Manual
Calculation
 Piping Materials

Selection of
Selection of Vendor
Materials
Approval for
Process
License
 Difference Between Piping & Pipeline

Piping Pipeline
Confined Area Over Several Kms

Internal Pressure Internal & External Pressure

Initial Survey is required Complete Geographical Survey

For Designing : -

ASME B 31.1 (Power Plant) ASME B 31.4 (Liquid Hydrocarbon

ASME B 31.3 (Process Piping) Transportation)

ASME B 31.8 (Transportation of Gas
& Hydrocarbon)
 Difference Between Pipe & Tube
Pipe
Always Cylindrical
Ductility is less
Single Random Length (SRL) :- 6 m
Double Random Length (DRL) :-
12m
Schedule No. based on thickness
Application :-
 Transfer fluid from one area to
another
 High Pressure
Tube
Can be Square, Rectangular,
Triangular & Cylindrical
Ductility is more
Any Length
Birmingham Screw Gauge in mm & in
Application :-
 Auxiliary systems like internal part
of
heat exchanger & cooler
 Low Pressure
 Codes & Standards
 Codes :-

Set of rules & regulation followed for safer design,

construction & execution. Failure of implementation of
code can be challenge legally.

Ex. :- ASME B 31.3

 Standards :-

They are set of dimensional standards which are

maintained to follow the dimensional all over globe. Failure
of implementation of standard may be lead to rejection &
financial loss.

Ex. :- ASME B 16.5 (For steel flanges 24” & below )

 Pipe Size :

 Step of 1/8” :
1/8” 1/4” 3/8” 1/2”
 Step of 1/4” :
3/4” 1” 1 1/4” 1 1/2”
 Step of 1/2” :
2” 2 1/2” 3” 3 1/2” 4”
 Step of 1” :
5” 6”
 Step of 2” :
8” 10” 12” 14”………….
Schedule No. :

 Industrial pipe thickness for a setup formula is expressed as

schedule no.

 It was established by American Standard Association & now it

is recognized as ANSI ( American National Standard Institute)

 Schedule No. for Alloy Steel & Carbon Steel :

5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

 Pipe Size Representation

 Iron Pipe Size System (IPS)

 Outer Diameter ( OD) is fixed
 It represents ID of the pipe Wall
Thickness

ID

OD OD
 Nominal Pipe size System (NPS)
 Inner Diameter ( ID) is fixed
 It represents OD of the pipe

6”
1 1/4” Tube

OD 6.625” OD 1.25”
 In NPS System

As Per ASME B 36.10 :

Outer Diameter
NB / NPS
(OD)
2” 2.375”
3” 3.5”
4” 4.5”
6” 6.625”
8” 8.625”
10” 10.75”
12” 12.75”
14” 14”
Type of Pipe Manufacturing Methods

Seamless Pipe
Electric Resistance Butt
Welding
Spiral Wound Weld
 Pipe Joints
 Socket Weld Pipe Joints : ( Below 2”)

Advantages Disadvantages
a. Easier alignment than butt
a. The 1/16” recess pocket liquid.
welding

b. Use not permitted by code if severe

b. No weld metal intrusion into bore erosion or crevice corrosion is
anticipated
  Butt Weld Pipe Joints : ( 2” & Above )

Advantages Disadvantages
a. Most practical way of joining big
a. Weld intrusion will affect flow.
bore pipe.
b. Reliable leak proof.
b. End preparation is necessary.
c. Joint can be radio graphed
  Screwed Pipe Joints : (Below 2” )
Advantages
a. Easily made at site.
b. Can be used where welding is not
permitted due to fire hazard.
Disadvantages
a. Joint may leak when not properly
seal.
b. Use not permitted by code if severe
erosion, crevice corrosion, shock or
vibration is anticipated.
c. Strength of pipe is reduced as
threads reduce wall thickness
d. Seal welding may be required.
 Flanged End Pipe Joints :
 Buttress End & Spigot Socket End Pipe Joints :

Buttress Spigot Socket

 Pipe Materials
 Types of Steel :

A. Mild ( Low-Carbon ) Steel

B. Medium Carbon Steel

C. High Carbon Steel

D. High Tensile Steel

E. Stainless Steel
 Alloy of Steel :
 Aluminum Molybdenum

 Boron  Nickel

 Carbon  Phosphorous
 Chromium  Silicon
 Columbium
 Sulfur
 Copper
 Titanium
 Iron
 Tungsten
 Lead
Vanadium
 Manganese
 Properties of Piping Materials

 Chemical Properties of Metals

 Mechanical Properties of Metals

 Yield Strength

 Modulus of Elasticity

 Ductility

 Hardness

 Toughness
 Physical Properties of Materials

 Density

 Thermal Conductivity

 Thermal Expansion

 Specific Heat

 Grain Size

 Hardenability
 Pipe Fittings
 Elbow  Return

 Tee  Coupling

 Stub In & On  Union

 Swage Nipple
 O-lets
 Scraper Tee
 Mitre Bends
 Blind Flange
 Reducer
 Elbow
 900 Elbow :

 900 Long Radius Elbow (900 LR Elbow )

 900 Short Radius Elbow (900 SR Elbow )
 900 Reducing Radius Elbow (900 RED Elbow )

900 Long Radius Elbow 900 Long Radius Elbow Center to

End Distance Dimension
 Symbol for 900 Long Radius Elbow

Single Line : For 12” & Below Double Line : For 14” & Above
900 Short Radius Elbow 900 Short Radius Elbow Center to
End Distance Dimension

Single Line : For 12” & Below Double Line : For 14” & Above
 450 Elbow

Single Line : For 12” & Below Double Line : For 14” & Above
 TEE
 Straight or Equal Tee
 Reducing Tee
Single Line : For 12” & Double Line : For 14” &
Below Above
 STUB IN & ON
 Stub IN

O
D
 Stub ON

ID
 O- LETS
 WELDOLET : ( 2” & Above)
It is used to make a branch connection from a large bore
header to large bore branch i.e.; both ends of weldolet are butt
welded.
 SOCKOLET : ( 2” below )

It is used to make a branch connection from big bore pipe to a small

bore pipe. Here one end is butt welded & other is socket welded.
 THREADOLET : ( 2” Below )

It is used to make a branch connection from big bore pipe to a

small bore pipe. Here one end is butt welded & the other end is
threaded.
 LATROLET :

It is used to make a branch connection at an angle

other than 900 .
 ELBOLET :

It is used to make a connection at elbow. It can be used to

connect the instrument to the pipe line or to give a branch
connection at the elbow.
 MITRE BEND
 It is made by making angular cuts in a straight run of pipe &
then welding together the pieces by rolling them at an angle.
 Mitres have high pressure drop compared to the elbow.
 They can not handle high pressure & temperature.
 They are made at the site itself.
 Mitres are cheaper than elbow & are used for large sizes of pipes
instead of elbows.

 Single Weld Mitre

 2-Weld Mitre
 3-Weld Mitre
 4-Weld Mitre
 REDUCER
 Concentric Reducers
 Eccentric Reducers
 Concentric Reducer :

It is used in a pump discharge line to have a laminar flow. It is also

used in vertical line to have a common centerline to provide the
supports.
 Eccentric Reducers :
This reducers can be used based on the application,
 Eccentric Reducer Flat Side Down :
It is commonly used in pipe rack & sleeper lines to have a common
supporting or to maintain common BOP. It is used in a steam line to
have a free flow condition for the condensate., it is also used in
control assembly to maintain free flow condition.
 Eccentric Reducer Flat Side Down :

It is used in a pump suction line to avoid cavitations i.e. the air gets
trapped with the fluid and causes damage to the impeller.
 CROSS
 It is used to make a two branch connections at same point on

header. It is of two types,

 Equal Cross

 Reducing Cross
 RETURN
 It is used to make a 1800 turn in the flow of the fluid. It is similar

to using two 900 Elbows attached to each other.

 COUPLING
 It is used to make branch connection to large bore pipes.

 Here one end of it is butt welded & the other end is socket
welded or threaded i.e., to make connections between large
bore & small bore pipes .
 Union
 It is used to join small bore pipes it is either threaded or socket
welded.
 SWAGE NIPPLE
 It is used as a reducer for connecting big bore to small bore pipes as
well as small bore to small bore pipes.
 SCRAPPER TEE
 It is used in PIG launcher & PIG receiver line, to avoid entry of PIG
into the branch pipe
 CAPS, PLUGS & BLIND FLANGE
 Caps :

It is used to terminate the open end of the pipe by means of

welding or threading a cap at pipe end.
 Plugs :
It is used to close & open ends of piping system for threaded pipes.

 Blind Flange :
It is used in majority of industrial applications.
 FLANGES

 Flanges are used when the joint needs dismantling.

 These are used mainly at equipments, valves and specialties.

Classified into three types based on :

A. RATING

B. TYPE

C. FACING
 RATING

 Cast Iron : #25, #125, # 250

 Ductile Iron : #150, #300,

 Steel : #150, #300, #400, #600, #900, #1500, #2500

 Steel flanges are available up to #2500, the rating of the flange for a
given material pressure & temperature shall be evaluated as per ASME
B 16.5 for 24” and below, for above 24” ASME B 16.47 is used.

 For Ductile Iron flange the rating of the flange shall be evaluated as
per ASME B 16.42.

 For Cast Iron flanges it shall be evaluated as per ASME B 16.1.

 TYPE

A. Weld Neck Flange :

 These flanges have a tapered hub which gives its more
resistance towards vibrations.

 these flanges are recommended for line sizes 2” & above for
high pressure and high temperature.
B. Slip On Flange :
 These are recommended for easier bolt alignment as the flange
can slip on pipe.
 These flanges have 2/3rd the strength of weld neck flange under
a same pressure and have 1/3rd the strength of weld neck flange
under same fatigue condition.
C. Socket Weld Flange :

 These flanges are often used on hazardous duties involving high

pressure, high temperature , toxic and flammable fluids.

 It is recommended up to 2” size.

 the major drawback of these flange is the crevice corrosion.

D. Orifice Flange :
 It is used to measure the commodity flow through the pipe.
 These are weld neck flange with 3/4” to 1” tapping.
 These flanges are placed at a upstream distance of 20D &
downstream 5D respectively.
 The tapping shall be at 450 down from horizontal for liquid
services and 450 top from horizontal for gas services.
E. Threaded Flange :
 It is used for small bore pipes which are threaded.
 Cannot handle high pressure & temperature.
 Most recommended for renovation of existing plant where the
risk of explosion is high.
F. Lap Joint Flanges :

 Lap Joint Flanges(Loose Flanges) are used with a

corresponding stub-end that "inserts" in the inside of the
flange.

 The main benefit of this type of flange, is that once the pipe
welds to the insert stub-end, the flange then can rotate for
easier alignment of the bolting holes. 4
 FACING
A. Flat Face :

 It is recommended up to #300 requires a full width gasket and

used for pressure below 50 bar.
B. Raised Face Flange :

 It is most common type of flange face used in industry.

 It is recommended for pressure below 100 bar and available up

to #600 requires gasket till raised face.

Serration
C. Ring Type Joint (RTJ) :

 This type is typically used in the most severe duties, for

example, in high pressure gas pipe work.

 It is available up to #1000 and used below 200 bar require ring

type gasket.
D. Male & Female :
 These flanges forms good mechanical interlock hence
recommended for Christmas tree of oil and gas well.
 It is available up to #2500.
E. Tongue & Groove :
 These flanges forms good mechanical interlock hence
recommended for Christmas tree of oil and gas well.
 It is available up to #2500.
 GASKETS
 Gaskets are selected based on :

 Pressure

 Temperature

 Nature of Fluid

 Type of Flange
 Gaskets are Classified into Three Types :

 Non- Metallic

 Metallic

 Semi-Metallic
 Non- Metallic ( ASME B 16.21 ) :

a. Synthetic Rubber :

 Also called as Natural Rubber, used for temperature below 2000 F.

 Fluid which can be used are water, air, nitrogen & utility services.

 The available thickness is 1/64” , 1/32” , 1/16” , 3/32” , 1/8”.

b. Vegetable Fiber :

 Used for temperature up to 2000 F.

 It is used in Food Processing industry.

 The available thickness is 1/64” , 1/32” , 1/16” , 3/32” , 1/8”.

c. Teflon ( PTFE ) :

 It is also called as Poly Tetra Floro Ethylene , used for temperature

up to 5000 F.

 Used in Chemical& Food industry.

 The available thickness is 1/64” , 1/32” , 1/16” , 1/8”.

d. Corrugated Non Asbestos Fiber ( CNAF ) :

 Used for temperature up to 7000 F.

 It is used in Hydro-carbon & Power Sectors.

 The available thickness is 1/64” , 1/32” , 1/16” , 1/8”.

 Metallic ( ASME B 16.20 ) :

a. Soft Iron :
 It is used for temperature from 2000 to 3000 F, used in any
industry.
 Generally used in RTJ flange hence the thickness shall be as per
ASME B 16.20

b. Carbon Steel :
 It is used for temperature from 7000 F, used in any industry.
 Generally used in RTJ flange hence the thickness shall be as per
ASME B 16.20.

b. Carbon Steel :
 It is used for temperature from 7000 F, used in any industry.
 Generally used in RTJ flange hence the thickness shall be as per
ASME B 16.20
 Semi-Metallic :

 These are also called as Spiral Wound Gaskets.

 It can withstand temperature from 2000 F to 19000 F.

 Used in all type of industry; thickness varies from 0.125” to 0.175”.

 These gaskets have inner & outer ring made of metal whrer as the
filler material in between these rings shall be selected based on
temperature of fluid.

 The filler material is PTFE if the temp is 5000 F, Graphite or Silicon

if the temp is 7000 F, Ceramic if temp is 12000 F, Mica if temp is
19000 F.

 In case of Food Processing Industry the inner ring will be SS & the
outer ring can be of any material,.

 In case of Other Industries the inner ring will be SS/CS & the outer
ring will be of CS.
 TYPE OF BOLTS
 The bolts are used for tightening of the flanges. They are of two
types,
A. Stud Bolts :
The stud bolt has threads on both the sides.
B. Machine Bolt :
The machine bolt has threads on one side & head on
other side.
 VALVES
 Valves are primarily used in piping systems to interrupt, divert or
regulate the flow of fluid.
 Depending on the valve function, its operation may be manually
initiated or may be automatically initiated by a signal control device,
or the valve may automatically respond to changing system
condition.
 Valves are generally manufactured in standard pressure and
temperature rating in accordance with ANSI/ASME B 16.1, B 16.34,
B16.24 for cast-iron, steel and bronze materials, respectively.

 Valves can be broadly categorized based on their functions :

 Isolation ( Stop ) Valves
 Regulation Valves
 Back-Flow Prevention Valves
 Pressure Relief Valves
 Isolation Valves :
 Gate Valve
 Ball Valve
 Plug Valve
 Piston Valve
 Diaphragm Valve
 Butterfly Valve
 Pinch Valve
 Regulation :
 Globe Valve
 Needle Valve
 Butterfly Valve
 Diaphragm Valve
 Piston Valve
MAJOR PARTS OF VALVE
 Seat : The non moving parts which helps in resting of the disc is called a seat.
 Disc : It is of wedge shape or cylindrical in shape or spherical in shape. This
comes in contact with fluid and hence prevents or allows the fluid to flow.

 Bonnet : The major pressure sealing element is called as Bonnet. The bonnet can
be classified by three types ;

a. Flanged Bonnet : Used for High Pressure applications

b. Union Bonnet : Used for medium pressure applications.
c. Screwed Bonnet : Used for low pressure applications.

 Stem : These are of two types;

a. Rising Stem : An operation of the hand wheel if the stem moves up &
down then it is called as Rising Stem. It has outside screw & yoke
arrangement , hence it is also called as outside screw & yoke valve.

b. Non Rising Stem : An operation of the hand wheel if the stem

remains constant then it is called as Non Rising Stem. It has inside
screw & yoke arrangement , hence it is also called as inside screw & yoke
valve.
 GATE VALVE ( )
 It is used for liquid services.
 Gate valve above 16” usually motor operated.
 Cannot used for regulation , if used then leakages are common.
 The pressure drop is less, water hammer is also less.

Rising Stem Gate

Valve
Non Rising Stem Gate
Valve
 GLOBE VALVE
 It is used in by pass line of control assembly.
 It is used as an alternative for control valve when under
maintenance.
 The highest pressure drop among the valve is with globe valve.

Tee Pattern Globe

Valve
Angle Pattern Globe Valve
 PLUG VALVE
 It is recommended for viscous fluids.
 It is similar to ball valve but is more robust, recommended in
lubricant line.
 DIAPHRAGM VALVE
 Similar to the needle valve finds its application in Food &
Beverage industry where quality of end product is of high
importance.
 The complete valve is alloy coated and the direct contact to disc
is prevented by means of rubber diaphragm.
 BALL VALVE

 Ball valve are quarter-turn valves suitable for gas, compressed air,
liquid, and slurry service.

 Ball valve have packing glands and packing materials instead of bonnet
& yoke.

 Ball Valves are of two type;

a. Full Bore Ball Valve

b. Reduce Bore Ball Valve

 The water hammer effect is more since it is lever operated and pressure
drop is more in case of reduce bore ball valve.

 It can be used for regulation purpose but not for prolonged time.
 Flanged End Ball Valve

Screw End Ball Valve

 BUTTERFLY VALVE

 It is recommended for vacuum lines, cooling water lines, fire water

lines.

 It has a long stem anchored at the bottom with disc connected to it

by means of a pin joint.

 Water hammer effect is more and pressure drop is also more.

 These valves have rubber lining for smoother operation, hence the
name is resilient valve.
Flanged End Butterfly Wafer Butterfly Valve
Valve
 NEEDLE VALVE

 It is generally used in filling and packing stations.

 These valves are known for its accuracy and are available up to
#1500, till 4 size.
 It is also used in pressure gauge line, pressure alarm
connections with ball valve.
TYPES OF CHECK VALVE

 Ball Check Valve :

It can be used in horizontal line as well as vertical
lines. It can be available from 1/4” to 2”.
 Swing Check Valve :
 Recommended for line size 2” to 24”, can be used in horizontal &
vertical line.
 But above 16” it is heavier, in case of horizontal line there are
alternatives but in case of vertical lines there is no alternative.
 These valves have more slamming effect hence the tilting point
shall be lowered to reduce slamming effect.
 These valves are also called as tilting disc check valve.
 Piston Lift Check Valve :
 Shall be used for horizontal lines only.
 Available from 1/4” to 24”.
 It can be used in vertical line if the Piston is Spring operated.
 PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE

 PSV is fast in action and hence recommended for gases.

 The outlet of the PSV is connected to a flare header which is in turn
connected to knockout drum .
A. Conventional Type : It can sustain 10% of set pressure as back pressure.
B. Balance Type Bellow : It can sustain 50% of set pressure as back pressure.
C. Pilot Operated Type : It can sustain 75% of set pressure as back pressure.
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE
 Pressure Relief Valve is commonly recommended for
liquid applications.
 SPECIAL TYPE OF VALVES

 Single Bleed and Block :

 It is combination of needle valve and a ball valve which is
single purchase fitting.
 It is used in fixing of an instrument like pressure gauge,
temperature gauge etc.
 Double Bleed and Block :
 It is combination of one needle valve and two ball valve.
 It is also single purchase fitting.
 Breather Valve :
 It is installed above the tank for free circulation of air and
to avoid vacuum in the tank.
CONTROL VALVES
 Control Valve :
 These valves are either Hydraulically , Pneumatically or Solenoid
operated.
 These valves control the major flow parameter such as level,
temperature, pressure and flow rate, based on the logical diagram
developed by an instrumentation engineer.
 For Positive Isolation of a Line

 Spectacle Blind :
 For positive isolation of a line Spectacle Blind or a Spade
will be used. For line size below 14” we used spectacle blind.

Spectacle Blind Spectacle Blind

Open Close
 Spade :
 Even after 100% closure of the valve the drop wise leakage are
permitted as per valve manufacturer , hence for hazardous fluid
spectacle blind or spade are recommended.
 For above 14” spade are recommended.

Spade Blind
 Rupture Disc
 It is placed ahead of a PSV to prevent the damage of the disc due to
toxic & high pressure fluids.
 The rupture disc is always installed a convex portion facing the high
pressure fluid. It is for one time use only.
 FLAME ARRESTOR

FA

In Line Flame Arrestor End Line Flame Arrestor,

Hood Type
 Inline :
 Installed in gas pipe line or hydrocarbon lines to avoid
propagation of flame.
 Inline flame arrestor has a element made up of Honey comb
material or sintered zinc, which can sustain high temperature and
break in to flame lets.
 It has an expander and reducer arrangement to avoid a pressure
drop during normal flow.
 End of Line :
 It is install above tank or a pressure vessel where there is usual
chance of fire or explosions.
 The end of line flame arrestor s has a weather hood to protect it
from rain.
STEAM TRAP ASSEMBLY
 Types of Steam Trap
A. Float Steam Trap :
 Steam trap serves to discharge condensate from steam piping or steam
heating equipment without allowing live steam to escape.
 Presence of condensate can reduce the operating efficiency of system and
may also causes physical damage due to “Water Hammer” or corrosion.
 The float steam trap is density operated and the operation is purely
mechanical .
 They utilize a float to determine the condensate level in the body and thereby
operated a valve mechanism.
B. Thermostatic Steam Trap :
 Thermostatic steam traps are temperature operated.
 They sense the temperature difference between steam and cooler
condensate by means of an expanding bellow, which controls the
discharge valve.
C. Thermodynamic Steam Traps :

 Thermodynamic steam traps are kinetic energy operated traps.

 They distinguish between steam and condensate by difference in the

velocity and the flashing of pressurized condensate.
D. Inverted Bucket Steam Traps :
 Inverted bucket steam is density operated and operation is purely
mechanical.
 They utilize a bucket to determine the condensate level in the body and
thereby operate a valve mechanism.
 STRAINERS
 Temporary Strainer :
 These kind of strainers are installed during the initial stage of the plant
where maintenance is must due to construction debris.
 These debris have to be removed from line during initial one year of
operation.
 The temporary strainer must always be installed with a pair of spare
flanges for easy removal of the strainer.
 Y-Strainer :
 Recommended in pump suction line for size 10” and below.
 Y-type strainer shall be installed along the direction of flow with
minimum clearance from ground for removal of finer.
 Basket type Strainer :
 Recommended for line size 10” and above.
 this strainers can drain the filtrate to drain connection provide
at the bottom where the filter plates shall be removed from the
top for its maintenance.
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
 VERTICAL EQUIPMENT

 Distillation Column
 Fractionation Column
 Gas Scrubber
 Chemical Reactor
 Tanks
 Filter Tanks
 Air-Receiver
 Distillation Column

 Finds its application in alcohol and chemical industries.

 It has skirt type support.

 It has a single input separated in to two outputs.

 One in the form of vapor, the other in the form of a liquid.

 It is always associated with the re-boiler for reheating of

the fluid.

 Both fractionating and distillation columns requires davit

arrangement at the top for easy handling of raw material
and also transporting heavy material to the top.
 Fractionation Column

 finds its application in Refinery & Petrochemical industries.

 it has single input which is separated into multiple outputs
based on the boiling point.
 I has a skirt type of support.
 GAS SCRUBBER

 Finds its application in hydrocarbon industries.

 It is used to separate the mist from the gases.
 It has a demister or pad which absorbs the liquid or moisture
from the gas.
 The dry gas is used as a fuel for steam turbine and gas turbine.
 It has a lug type of support.
 CHEMICAL REACTOR
 It is used in chemical and pharmaceutical plant.

 The reactor is always installed inside building on a structure.

 Since the rate of reaction is altered based on atmospheric

condition.

 The reactor is always installed in between the floors for easy

removal of stirrer / agitator, and even to add the catalyst.

 It requires cooling or heating water or steam jacket.

 It has lug type support.

 TANKS

 Tanks are used for storing of liquids

 There are two types of tank, one is fixed roof tank used for
non volatile liquids, the other is floating roof tank used for
volatile liquids.

 Floating roof tanks stores liquid like naphtha and gasoline

which gets converted into vapors if there is even slight
increase in temperature.

 These tanks require foundation of 0.7 to 1.2 m.

 RECEIVERS AND FILTERS

 These are used for utility services such as air, nitrogen,

water etc.

 In utility and instrument the air is collected before

distributing to different utility stations.

 Whereas filters are for filtering the water before it is

sent to various utility stations.

 It has a leg type supports.

 HEAT EXCHANGER

 Heat Exchangers are classified into Four type on the

basis of it’s construction :

 Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

 Plate Type Heat Exchanger

 Spiral Type Heat Exchanger

 Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

 Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger
 This heat exchanger has shell & tube sides. The passage of the
fluid shall be based on :

 If among the two fluid one is of high pressure pass through

the tube, since the tube thickness can be designed for that
pressure.
 If among the two fluid one is of high temperature pass it
through the tubes so that cost of insulation can be
reduced.
 If among the two fluid one is slurry pass it through tubes
since tube maintenance is easier.
 Shell & tube type of heat exchanger has one end fixed saddle (
tube pulling area ) and other side sliding saddle.
 Maintenances area for shell & tube heat exchanger is equal to
tube length + 500 mm for man access.
 Plate Type Heat Exchanger

 Recommended for offshore application.

 Where the space is of constraint.

 It is consists of plates where the fluid is distributed

alternatively between the plates.

 The efficiency of this heat exchanger is less compared to

shell & tube type.
Spiral Type Heat Exchanger

 Find its application in alcohol & chemical industries.

 It is similar to the plate heat exchanger bot has

concentric plates for distribution of hot and cold fluids.

 This type of heat exchanger is recommended for

small quantity of fluid , hence not used in hydrocarbon
and power sector.
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

 Recommended for viscous fluids where one layer of

fluid obstructs movement of other layer.

 It has inner pipe and outer pipe, the inner pipe has
flow through which viscous fluid is passed.

 The outer pipe is act as a shell through which steam or

hot oil is passed.
 AIR COOLERS

 Air Coolers are classified into three types :

 Natural Draught

 Forced Draught

 Induced Draught
 FORCED DRAUGHT
 Usually structure mounted with a fan arrangement at
the bottom.

 The no. of runs or fans are even the inlet and outlet
are on the same side, if the no. of runs or fans are odd
the inlet and outlet are on either side.