CFD Applications for

Marine Foil Configurations

Volker Bertram, Ould M. El Moctar

 COMET employed to perform computations
RANSE solver:

Conservation of mass 1
momentum 3
volume concentration 1
In addition: k- RNG turbulence model 2
In addition: cavitation model (optional) 1

HRIC scheme for free-surface flow

Finite Volume Method:

• arbitrary polyhedral volumes, here hexahedral volumes
• unstructured grids possible, here block-structured grids
• non-matching boundaries possible, here matching boundaries
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 Diverse Applications to Hydrofoils

Surface-piercing strut

Rudder at extreme angle

Cavitation foil

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 Motivation: Struts for towed aircraft ill-designed

Wing profile bad

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choice in this case
 Similar flow conditions for submarine masts

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 Similar flow conditions for hydrofoil boats

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 Grid designed for problem
Flow highly unsteady: port+starboard modelled
1.7 million cells, most clustered near CWL

8L

4L
10 L to each side
10 L 10 L
Starboard half of grid (schematic)
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 Cells clustered near free surface

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 Flow at strut highly unsteady
Circular section strut, Fn=2.03, Rn=3.35·106

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 Wave height increases with thickness of profile

thickness
almost
doubled

Thickness “60” Thickness “100”

circular section strut, Fn=2.03, Re=3.35·106

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 Wave characteristic changed from strut to cylinder

parabolic strut cylinder

Fn=2.03, Re=3.35·106
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 Transverse plate reduces waves

Transverse
plate
attached

Parabolic strut, Fn=2.03, Re=3.35·106

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 Transverse plate reduces waves
Parabolic strut, Fn=2.03, Rn=3.35·106

Transverse
plate
attached

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 Transverse plate less effective for cylinder

Transverse
plate (ring)
attached

cylinder, Fn=2.03, Re=3.35·106

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 Problems in convergence solved

Large initial time steps

overshooting leading-edge wave for usual
number of outer iterations
convergence destroyed

Use more outer iterations initially

leading-edge wave reduced
convergence good

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 Remember:

• High Froude numbers require unsteady computations

• Comet capable of capturing free-surface details
• Realistic results for high Froude numbers
• Qualitative agreement with observed flows good
• Response time sufficient for commercial applications
• Some “tricks” needed in applying code

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 Diverse Applications to Hydrofoils

Surface-piercing strut

Rudder at extreme angle

Cavitation foil

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 Concave profiles offer alternatives
Rudder profiles employed
in practice

NACA 00 NACA 64 3

IfS 58 IfS 61

18 HSVA MP 71 HSVA MP 73
 Concave profiles: higher lift gradients and max lift than
NACA profiles of same maximum thickness
 IfS-profiles: highest lift gradients and maximum lift
due to the max thickness close to leading edge and thick
trailing edge
 NACA-profiles feature the lowest drag

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 Validation Case (Whicker and Fehlner DTMB)

Stall Conditions

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 Superfast XII Ferry used HSVA profiles
Superfast XII

Increase maximum rudder angle to 45º

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 Fine RANSE grid used
RANSE grid with 1.8 million cells, details

• 10 c ahead
• 10 c abaft
• 10 c aside
• 6 h below

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 Grid generation allows easy rotation of rudder

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 Body forces model propeller action

l Radial Force Distribution

Root
Tip

Source Terms
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 Pressure distribution / Tip vortex

Rudder angle 25°

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 Maximum before 35º
Superfast XII, rudder forces in forward speed

lift

drag

shaft
moment

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 Separation increases with angle
Velocity distribution at 2.6m above rudder base

25º 35º 45º

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 Reverse flow also simulated
Velocity distribution at top for 35°

forward reverse
no separation massive separation

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 Stall appears earlier in reverse flow

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 Remember:

• RANSE solver useful for rudder design

• higher angles than standard useful

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 Diverse Applications to Hydrofoils

Surface-piercing strut

Rudder at extreme angle

Cavitation foil

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 Cavitation model: Seed distribution

different seed types & „micro-bubble“ &

spectral seed distribution homogenous seed distribution

average seed radius R0

average number of seeds n0

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 Cavitation model: Vapor volume fraction
V

„micro-bubble“ R0

vapor bubble R liquid Vl

Vapor volume fraction:

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 Cavitation model: Effective fluid

The mixture of liquid and vapor is treated as an effective fluid:

Density:

Viscosity:

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 Cavitation model: Convection of vapor bubbles

Lagrangian observation
&
of a cloud of bubbles

Equation describing the transport of the vapor fraction Cv:

convective transport bubble growth or collapse

Task: model the rate of the bubble growth

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 Cavitation model: Vapor bubble growth
Conventional bubble dynamic
=
observation of a single bubble in infinite stagnant liquid

„Extended Rayleigh-Plasset equation“:

Inertia controlled growth model by Rayleigh:

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 Application to typical hydrofoil

Stabilizing fin rudder

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 First test: 2-D NACA 0015
Vapor volume fraction Cv for one period

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 First test: 2-D NACA 0015
Comparison of vapor volume fraction Cv for two periods

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 3-D NACA 0015

Periodic cavitation patterns

on 3-D foil

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 2-D NACA 16-206
Vapor volume fraction Cv
for one period

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 2-D NACA 16-206
Pressure coefficient Cp
for one period

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 2-D NACA 16-206

Comparison of
vapor volume fraction Cv

with

pressure coefficient Cp
for one time step

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 3-D NACA 16-206: Validation with Experiment

Experiment by Ukon (1986) Cv= 0.05

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 3-D NACA 16-206

pressure distribution Cp and vapor volume fraction Cv

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 3-D NACA 16-206

Cv= 0.5 Cv= 0.005

Correlation between
visual type of cavitation
and
vapor volume fraction Cv ?

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 3-D NACA 16-206
Pressure distribution
with and without
calculation of cavitation

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 3-D NACA 16-206

Exp.

Minimal and maximal

cavitation extent with
vapor volume fraction Cv= 0.05

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 3-D NACA 16-206: VRML model

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 Remember

• cavitation model reproduces essential characteristics

of real cavitation
• reasonable good agreement with experiments
• threshold technology

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