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AND TREATMENT
FILTRATION
FILTRATION
• It is a process that generally follows
sedimentation so as to remove some of the
suspended particles (colloidal particles and
micro-organisms) remaining after
sedimentation
• Filtration - Water is passed through filters
(granular layered porous media) made of
sand, anthracite coal , etc to filter out
remaining particles from sedimentation.
FILTRATION - INTRODUCTION
2) MODES OF FILTRATION
• Gravity
• Pressure
• Up flow
FILTRATION - INTRO…
3) TYPES FILTERS
4) FILTER MEDIA
• Sand (cheapest)
• Anthracite (coal) or hard coal
• Garnet sand (costly)
• Crushed glass
• Slag, burned husks, activated carbon
FILTRATION - MEDIA
0.4-0.6mm
1.5-2.0mm
Total depth of sand bed, h=1 to 1.4 m
5-8mm Filter box, H at least 2.7m
Plan area A 5000m2
15-25mm
Gravel
h at 300 to 400mm
underdrains
FILTRATION- FILTERS
2) SLOW SAND FILTERS - OPERATION
• Sand bed filled from below to prevent scour from the inlet and
drives out air from pores
• Water allowed to run to for a number of weeks until the
Schmutzdeck is established. This flow is approximately ¼ of
design rate, and then the flow is gradually increased to its
design value. This can be monitored through bacterial count
• Water should be kept moving down to provide dissolved
oxygen to the organisms (to prevent anaerobic conditions)
FILTRATION- FILTERS
2) SLOW SAND FILTERS - ADVANTAGES
• Good removal of pathogens, bacteria and viruses, cercanae,
ova and cysts. A 99.9% removal can be achieved in slow sand
filtration. Chlorination is usually specified as a precaution and
in case of operator error.
• No chemical pre-treatment necessary
• No sophisticated equipment or design i.e. the level of skills
required is less
• Local material e.g. sand can be used with even a higher non-
uniformity coefficient is acceptable (1.7 –3.0)
• Disposal of sludge easier because no chemical sludges are
produced.
FILTRATION- FILTERS
2) SLOW SAND FILTERS - DISADVANTAGES
• Only low turbidity water can be treated otherwise it is easily
clogged
• Large area of land required
• Algae growth – constant cleaning required
• Colour of vegetable origin not removed by slow sand filters.
• In cold climates the biological activity is slow
• Large labour force for cleaning
• Capital intensive
• Low hydraulic loading
FILTRATION- FILTERS
3) RAPID FILTERS
• In rapid sand filtration much higher application velocities
are used
• They are depth filtration filters
• They have large particle sizes, effective size of 1mm
(compared to 0.2mm in SSF)
• High filtration rates due to frequent cleaning and absence of
bio-film
• Lower head losses compared to SSF because the deposits are
distributed through great depth
FILTRATION- FILTERS
3) RAPID FILTERS- APPLICABILITY
• Convectional treatment – after coagulation, flocculation
and sedimentation, for the removal of floes carried over
from the sedimentation stage.
• Direct filtration as the only turbidity removal stage before
slow sand filtration
• Removal of soluble compounds of Manganese and iron.
insoluble compounds are formed on the sand grains.
• For tertiary treatment after biological treatment for high
quality effluents in wastewater treatment.
• For high hydraulic loading 100 to 200m3/m2 /d as
composed to slow sand filter(1 –4m3/m2 / day).
• Can be used as roughing filtration – turbidity reduction
before sand filtration
FILTRATION- FILTERS
3) RAPID FILTERS- HOW IT WORKS
• The water above the filter provides the hydraulic pressure (head) for the
process.
• The filter medium is above a larger gravel, rock, or other media for
support.
• Below the rock is usually an underdrain support of some type.
• The water flows through the filter and support media, exiting from a pipe
below.
FILTRATION- FILTERS
3) RAPID FILTERS- HOW IT WORKS - CONTD
FILTRATION- FILTERS
4) RAPID FILTERS VERSUS SLOW SAND FILTERS
FILTRATION- HYDRAULICS
FILTRATION- HYDRAULICS
FILTRATION- BACK WASHING
• Cleaning of the filters is achieved by backwashing at
the rate of about 10 times the normal filtration rate.
• The upward flow of water expands the bed producing
a fluidized condition in which accumulated debris is
scoured off the sand particles.
• Troughs collect the scour and are placed high enough
above the sand layer so that sand will not be carried
out with the backwash water.
BACK WASHING is carried out when the turbidity and
head loss limits are reached and when the time to
backwash is reached.
FILTRATION- BACK WASHING
HOW TO DO BACK WASHING