CLAUSE

• There are two types of clauses:

>Independent clauses (main clauses)
> Dependent clauses (subordinate clauses
and relative clauses).
• An independent clause is a complete sentence; it can
stand alone.
• A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence;
it cannot stand alone.
• Here are some examples of each type of clause:
• An independent clause contains a subject and a
predicate.
• It can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a
complete thought.
• The following table shows some independent clauses
divided into their subjects and predicates.
• Dependent clauses add additional information to the
main clauses, but they are not necessary to form a
complete thought.
• They do not form a complete thought by themselves.
• Although each of the dependent clauses has a subject
and a verb, it does not express a complete thought. As a
result, it cannot stand alone.
• A dependent clause often starts with a word that makes
the clause unable to stand alone.
• These words we call as subordinate conjunction like:
until, because, although
• Subordinating conjunctions link an independent clause to
a dependent clause.
• Each subordinating conjunction expresses a relationship
between the meaning of the dependent clause and the
meaning of the independent clause.
• When a dependent clause introduced by a
subordinating conjunction comes before the
independent clause, the clauses are usually
separated by a comma. For example:
If you are to keep your respect for sausages and
governments, it is best not to know what goes
into either.
• There are three different kinds of subordinate
clauses: adverb clauses, adjective clauses, and
noun clause
• An adverb clause is a dependent clause that describes a verb,
adjective, or another adverb (act like adverb)
• An adverb clause answers these questions: Where?, Why?, When?,
To what extent?, Under what condition?, In what manner?
• A few more that you can use to link ideas and show how
they are related:
As long as, As soon as, As though, In
• Set off adverb clauses that occur at the beginning of sentences with
commas.
• You can place an adverb clause in the beginning, middle, or end of
a sentence. Example:
• Wherever she goes, she leaves a piece of luggage behind.
• The adverb clause "wherever she goes" modifies the verb "leaves."
• Bob enjoyed the movie more than I did.
• The adverb clause "than I did" modifies the adverb "more.“
• Prince wanted to change his name because too many dogs
answered when he was called.
• The adverb clause "because too many dogs answered when he was
called" modifies the verb "wanted."
• Adjective clauses describe nouns and pronouns. They
add detail to sentences by functioning as adjectives.
• Most adjective clauses start with the pronouns who,
whom, whose, which, that, when, or where. Adjective
clauses that begin with one of the relative pronouns are
also called relative clause
• Here are some other pronouns that can start an
adjective clause:
• Whoever, Whomever, Whichever, Whatever, Whatever
Why
• You can identify an adjective clause because it answers
the adjective questions:
• "Which one?" or "What kind?"
• Here are some examples of adjective clauses:
• The only one of the seven dwarfs who does not have a
beard is Dopey.
• The adjective clause "who does not have a beard"
describes the noun "one.“
• I found a quiet, secluded place where we can meet.
• The adjective clause "where we can meet“ describes the
noun "place."
• It never rains on days when my garden needs watering.
• The adjective clause "when my garden needs watering"
describes the noun "days."
• Remember to use who, whom (and all variations such as
whoever and whomever) to refer to people.
• Reserve which and that if the antecedent is a thing or an
animal.
• A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun.
• Because it functions as a noun, this clause can be a subject, direct
object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative,
or appositive.
• For instance:
• No one understands why experience is something you don’t get until
just after you need it.
• The noun clause "why experience is something you don't get until
just after you need it" functions as a direct object.
• Where the candy bar is hidden remains a mystery.
• The noun clause "where the candy bar is hidden" functions as the
subject of the sentence.
• The instructor gave whoever got their papers in early extra credit.
• The noun clause "whoever got their papers in early" functions as an
indirect object.