SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS FOR

UNBALANCED FAULT

PRESENTED BY GROUP 15, SECTION 1; 4 BEKG SEM1 2018/2019 :

B011410059 MUHAMMAD SYAFIE BIN MOHD YUSOF

B011510026 MUHAMMAD THAQIF BIN ABDUL RAZAK
B011410194 MUHAMMAD ZUHAILI BIN ZAWAWI
B011410263 MUHD ALIFF DANI BIN RAMLI
 INTRODUCTION

• A 3 phase system is said to be symmetrical when the system viewed from ay

phase is similar
• So, in a 3-phase symmetrical system the impedances of all the 3 phases are
equal and te utual impedances, if any, between the three phases are the
same.
• 3-phase voltages (or currents) are said to be balanced if the magnitude of
the 3 voltages (or currents) are equal and they separated fro each other by
120 degree(electrical) phase.
• When the system is unbalance the voltages, current and the phase
impedances are in general unequal. Such a system can be solved by a
symmetrical per phase technique known as the method of symmetrical
component
• This kind if method was introduced by Fortescue in 1981 and is often called
the 3 component method.
• Based on the Fortescue Theorem, an unbalance set of n phasors ay be
resolved in to (n-1) balanced n phase system of different phase sequence
and one zero-phase sequence system.
• A zero-phase sequence system is one in which all phasors are equal
magnitude and identical angle.
 PHASE SEQUENCE

• Phase sequence of the phasors is the order in which they pass through a
positive maximum.
• Thus, a phase sequence a,b,c implies that the maxima occur in order a,b,c
• If a, b, c is taken as the positive phase sequence then a, c, b represents the
negative phase sequence.
• It should be noted that for both positive & negative phase sequence, the
direction of rotation of phaser is taken to be anticlockwise.
 Why study fault analysis ?

• Design of protection system requires the knowledge of fault current.

• The information obtained from the fault studies are used:

To select the sizes of circuit breaker,
Fuse and characteristic,
Setting of relay.
Fortescue’s Theorem
 OPERATORS
• The letter a is usually used to build the operator that causes of 120° in
counter clockwise direction
• Such an operator is a complex number of unit magnitude with an angle of
120° and is defined by
SEQUENCE QUANTITIES

• Phase sequence abc

(positive sequence)

• Phase sequence acb

(negative sequence)

• Equal in magnitude. Same

phase angles
(zero Sequence)
SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF ROTATING MACHINES
SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF 3 PHASE MOTOR
SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF TRANSFORMER
(ZERO SEQUENCE)
SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF LOADED
GENERATOR
 Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator…

Positive-sequence Zero-sequence
Negative-sequence
System ground as
System neutral as reference
reference

The grounding impedance is reflected in the zero

sequence network as Z0 = 3 Zn.
Example 1
Matlab solution
Example 2
Matlab solution:
 Conclusion

• As a conclusion ,Fortescue theorems are important in making power system

analysis. Especially analysis that involves unbalanced fault, every phase has
its own formula in determine the fault happened. Without this theorem,
fault studies will find difficult to solve. Lastly, the are three sequences need
to understand before start any analysis regarding transformer, generator
etc. The three sequences like negative, positive and zero sequence have its
own method to make the power system analysis.