Prepared by: Noor Amalina bt R.

Azmi
• William Chandler Bagley
• March 15,1874 – July 1,1946
• Bachelor degree from Agricultural
college of the State of Michigan (1895).
• Graduate courses at the University of
Chicago (1896) and the University of
wisconsin (1898).
• Earned a doctorate in psychology and
education from Cornell University.
Essentialism
~A educational theory that ideas and skills basic to a
culture should be taught to all alike by time-tested methods.

~Also known as “Basic Education”

C
U Essential
or basic
Traditio
nal
R academic
skills
disciplin
es
R
I Skills of
literacy Sequen
and -tial
C arithmetic
U
L Cumula
-tive
U
M
 The basic Question

•Subject-based curriculum differentiated and

organized according to subjects’ internal logic or
chronology.
• Disciplines must be taught within a specific
scope(critical of interdisciplinary approaches)
•Curriculum should be cumulative.
• Organize the lesson plan preparing students for
the next learning.
• For essentialists, civilized people learn effectively
and efficiently.
• Teachers are the authority.
 IMPLICATION

A professional educators:
• Carefully structured The
To transmit curriculum .
teachers
and maintain • Hard work,
punctuality, respect would use
the necessary the authority, and deductive
fundamentals civility
logic to
of human • Manage classroom
culture.
wisely. organize
• Promote students on
the basic of acedemic instruction.
achievement.
“Essentialistshope that when students
leave school, they will possess not only
basic skills and an extensive body of
knowledge, but also disciplined,
practical minds, capable of applying
schoolhouse lessons in the real world.” –
William C. Bagley
Prepared by: Nurul Syahidah bt Radin Hazfah
By PresenterMedia.com
 About
Perennialism

Perennialism vs
Essentialism

Perennialism’s Curriculum

Proponents of
Perennialism

The Basic Questions

Implications on
Today’s Classroom
Teachers
 Focus on universal truths

 Believed that a person should teach a knowledge that is

important at all time

 Ideas should be lasted over centuries

 Derived from realism, congenial with

idealism

 School’s primary role is for student’s intellectual

development
PERENNIALISM ESSENTIALISM
Derived from  Based on what has
realist worked as survival skills
philosophy throughout history

Focus first on  Focus first on essential

personal skills
development
 Contain cognitive
subjects

 Stress on subjects like

history, language,
mathematics, logics,
literature, humanities,
science

 Also included religion

and theology
• Robert Maynard Hutchins
• Former president of university of chicago
• 1929-1951

• Jacques Maritain
• A French philosopher
• 1882-1973

• Mortimer J. Adler
• American philosopher, educator, popular
author
• 1902-2001
• Ideal education is • Based on Aristotle’s • Propose The Paideia
education that natural realism and Proposal: An
develops mind Aquinas theistic Educational
realism Manifesto
• Recommend
discussion of great • Rejecting relativism • Resist streaming
books of Western and existentialism students in different
Civilization curriculum or classes
• Teacher is minister
• Urged to study of of learning • Paideia’s curriculum:
grammar, rhetoric, language, literature
logic, mathematics, fine arts, maths,
philosophy natural sciences,
history, geography,
social studies
• Oppose grouping students into different
levels, everyone should get equal education

• Block them to go for high-quality general

education

• Strongly reject pragmatism and

postmodernism’s cultural relativism
Teachers are on the centered and
need to read and discuss the great
books
Teachers must have education in
liberal arts and sciences
Must emphasis on academic
content and enduring human
concerns
Instruction that features discussion,
reflection and transmission on enduring
truths and values
Presented by: Nur ‘Ain bt Idris
 Definitions
Progressive educators
Keys concept
The basic questions
Implication for today classroom
teacher
• Originated as general reform movement in
American society & political life(late 19th &
early 20th centuries).
• Opposed traditional education.
• Intend to reform schools.
 Administra
tive
Child- (school
centered Social superinten
reconstruc dents &
tionists principals)
 Johnson’s Beliefs

MARIEETA
JOHNSON
(1864-1938)
9 years ++
Kilpatrick’s
Guiding
principle
 Implementing a Enjoying an aesthetic
creative idea or a plan experience

Solving an intellectual Learning a new skill or

problem area of knowledge
 Project method

A form of organized curriculum &

classroom activities around a
subject's central theme.

Usage of method could transform

classrooms into collaborative,
democratic,learning communities.

Open-ended(non-specified
outcomes).
 The child should be free to
Authoritharian develop naturally
teachers Interest motivated by direct
Exclusively book based experience,best stimulus for learn
instructions Teacher facilitate learning
Passive memorization Close cooperation between
of factual information school and home
The isolation of schools Progressive school should be
from society laboratory experiment
Using psychological
coercion to manage
classroom
 Readiness, Constructing reality
interests and
needs

Emphasizes socially
Progressive teachers interactive &
use a repertoire of
learning process-oriented
activities(problem hands-on
solving,field
trips,projects) learning(expand &
revise knowledge
base)
• The West Tennessee Holocoust Project-
example of progressive strategy
• Pre project preparation
• On site learning
• Multiple skill learning
• Community participation
 Urges strict critique of schools &
Highly influential society uncover exploitative power
contemporary theory of relationships to achieve
education equity,fairness & social justice.

Henry Giroux & Peter Most assumptions derived from

McLaren (leading postmodernist & existentialist
critical theorist philosophies,neo-
philosophers) Marxism,feminist &
multicultural theories,Paulo
Freire’s liberation pedagogy.
 Saw human Marxist
history as class concepts often
struggle for used by critical
social & theorists as
class conflict &
economic power. alienation
(feelings of
powerlessness)
to analyze social
Argued that all & educational
institutions rest on institutions.
an economic base.
 Powerful
groups
dominates

Urban & rural Usage of power to

poor;African & Native maintain favored
Americans;Latinos;wom position & to
en;gays & subordinate
lesbians(historically disadvantaged
subordinate groups in classes(socially &
U.S.) economically).
A new public
of philosophy

Knowledge is about issues of

social, political, economic, and
educational power and control.
• Facing economically, politically and socially
dominant classes control.
• Use school to maintain their privileges and
economic position
Dominant • Attend prestigious educational
class institutions

• Prepare for high level careers

Subordinate • Indoctrinated to accept the unfair
groups conditions

• Limit the children from obtaining

possible careers
  Caught in hierarchical bureaucracies

 Teachers have no powers, only be in classrooms

Parents or community are further apart from school

involvement

Curriculum is fully determined by higher

administrations
  Exists in two conditions:

1. Formal official curriculum

- Mandated by local state and districts

- Require teachers to teach specific skills and

subjects

- Used by dominant class to transfer their values

and beliefs
 2. Hidden curriculum
- Imposed behaviors and attitudes of students
through school environment

- Key element in school-based social control

- “Hidden” = not stated in published state mandates

or local school policies
• Critical theorist stressed that students
must develop their own knowledge and
value of life.
• Teachers should begin consciousness-
raising with the student.
• Students share their life stories.
• For example: The Freedom writers Diary
• Author : Erin Gruwell
• Non-fiction
• The Freedom Writers Diary was made
up of journals that Erin Gruwell told
her students to write in about the
troubles of their past, present and
future.
Teachers must be in They urge
preservice * Find their real friends.
preparation and * Learn who their students are.
practice. *Collabrate with local people.

Critical Theory approach:

* Join with like- * Design a unit school social
minded teachers studies.
* Invite parents as a guest
* Participate in speakers.
critical Dialogue. * Create multicultural display.