Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kematian
Tertular
Periode
Jendela HIV + AIDS
HIV-1
exposure
•Gagal tumbuh
•Diare kronik
•Demam berkepanjangan
•Kandidosisoral
•TBC Paru
•Pneumonia
HIV banyak terdapat di dalam :
· Darah
· Cairan Vagina
· Cairan Sperma, dan
· Air Susu Ibu
CARA PENULARAN HIV
Hubungan Seksual
Melalui Jarum Suntik
Donor Organ Tubuh (darah, jaringan)
Dari Ibu ke Anak (dalam kandungan, saat
persalinan, air susu ibu)
Mitos seputar HIV/AIDS yang
beredar di masyarakat :
(ABSTINENCE)
Tidak berhubungan seks, apabila tidak mempunyai
pasangan tetap
(BE FAITHFULL)
Setia pada satu pasangan, apabila sudah ada
pasangan tetap
(CONDOM)
Menggunakan kondom bila berhubungan dengan
orang yang bukan pasangan tetap
(DISPOSABLE SYRINGE)
Memakai alat suntik sekali pakai
JANGAN AMBIL RESIKO
HIV/AIDS tidak dapat disembuhkan
FDA classifications of antiretroviral drugs for use in pregnancy
DRUG FDA CATEGORY
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
Zidovudine (ZDV, AZT) C
Zalcitabine (ddC) C
Didanosine (ddI) B
Stavudine (d4T) C
Lamivudine (3TC) C
NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
Nevirapine C
Delavirdene C
PROTEASE INHIBITORS
Indinavir C
Ritonavir B
Saquinavir B
Nelfinavir B
Classification:
A: Adequate and well-controlled studies of pregnant women fail to demonstrate a risk to the
fetus during the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk during later
trimesters)
B: Animal reproduction studies fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus but well controlled studies
of pregnant women have not been conducted
C: Safety in human pregnancy has not been determined, animal studies are either positive for
fetal risk or have not been conducted, and the drug should not be used unless the potential
benefit outweighs the potential risk to the fetus
D: Positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or
marketing experiences, but the potential benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women
may be acceptable despite its potential risks
X: Studies in animals or reports of adverse reactions have indicated that the risk associated with
the use of the drug for pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefit
Factors affecting mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
VIRAL
Viral load
Viral genotype and phenotype
Viral resistance
MATERNAL
Maternal immunological status
Maternal nutritional status
Maternal clinical status
Behavioural factors
Antiretroviral treatment
OBSTETRICAL
Prolonged rupture of membranes (> 4 hours)
Mode of delivery
Intrapartum haemorrhage
Obstetrical procedures
Invasive fetal monitoring
FETAL
Prematurity
Genetic
Multiple pregnancy
INFANT
Breastfeeding
Gastrointestinal tract factors
Immature immune system