SAFETY IN

ROAD DESIGN

By:-
Pallavi Patnaik
Regd. No.-0401106062
 Safety Scenario

• Accidents - 0.4 million (annual)

(7 every minute)
• Injuries - 0.44 million (annual)
• Fatalities ~ 86,000 (annual)
- 240 (daily)
- 1 (every 6 minute)
Major Problems
• Mixed
Traffic
􀂾 Fast
Moving
􀂾 Slow
Moving
•
Preponder
ance of old
/
poorly
maintained
Goods
vehicles
Major Problems (Contd.)
• User Attitude
􀂾 Public apathy
􀂾 Poor respect
for traffic rules
􀂾 Low level of
awareness
􀂾 Lack of driving
culture
 Enforcement Measures
• Operation and Maintenance Contract
• Highway Patrolling
• Modern Tools
– Interceptor Vans
– Breathalyzers
• Motor Vehicles Act Amended
– Speed and Weight limits
– Carrying of the Hazardous material
• Seat belt in car/ Helmet for 2-wheelers
• Driver Licensing system computerized
• Speed Governors for Public Transport Buses
 Basic approach for safe
Design
• Safety cautious planning
• Incorporation of Safety Features in
design
of new roads
• Improvement of safety aspects of
existing
roads
• Improvement of road network at
hazardous location
Basic Considerations of
design
• Visibility
• Self explaining
• Takes care of the needs, mistakes
and
vulnerability of road users
• Limitation of severity of impact
 Main areas of design
consideration
• Proper survey and investigation
• System’s approach to cater to all categories of
road users
• coordination of horizontal alignment and vertical
profile
• Proper design of intersections
• Good drainage system
• Rehabilitation of existing weak bridges, culverts
 Accident Prone Locations
On Highways
• Urban Stretches
• Intersections
• Poor Geometrics
– Sharp Curves
– Steep Gradients
– Inadequate Site Distances
– Sudden Change/Obstruction in Driving Path
– High Embankments
– Narrow Culverts/Bridges
• Construction Zones
• Railway Level Crossings
 Safety Devices and
Measures
• Traffic Signs
• Pavement Markings
• Well Designed Intersections Layouts
• Control on Speeds
• Bus Stop and Laybys
• Facilities for Pedestrians and Cyclists
• Lane Dividers and Median Barriers
• Delineators
• Safety Fences and Barriers
• Lighting
• Service Roads
• Rest Areas
• Traffic Management
Major Accidents Causes
on Hill Roads
• Negotiating Sharp Curves with Sub Standard
Radius
• Inadequate Sight Distance in Sharp Curves
• Alternating Entry from Major Valley into Side
Valley
• Narrow Bridges/Causeways
• Negotiating Steep Grades and High Altitudes
 Safety on Hill Roads
• Liberal Geometric Standards as per Specifications
• Adequate Traffic Signs for Warning, Caution,
Information
• Appropriate Road Markings
• Protective Structures (Parapet, Delineator, Boulder
Nets, Safety Barriers/Railings, Snow Shades)
• Provision of Gate System on Crucial Section
• Adequate Drainage System
• Enforcement of Traffic Discipline, Rules
 Key Geometric
Characteristics of Road
Design Related to Safety
1. Traffic Lanes
2. Shoulders
3. Median
4. Vertical Alignment
5. Horizontal Alignment
6. Road Side
7. Traffic Control
8. Miscellaneous
– Continuity and Uniformity
– Coordination of Horizontal and Vertical
Alignment
 Horizontal Alignment
• Horizontal curvature to be consistent
with the design speed
• Road Signage or markings or physical
barriers for potential unsafe overtaking
sites having inadequate sight distances
• Large radius for horizontal curvature
• Avoid sharp curves
 Vertical Alignment
• Stopping sight distance on all
vertical
curves should be provided
• Avoid sharp hidden dips on long
straight
sections
 Combination of Horizontal
and Vertical Alignments
• Horizontal and vertical alignments to
complement each other
• All points where horizontal and vertical
curvatures change be coincident
• Clear warning to drivers for situations ahead
• Better co-ordination of the horizontal and vertical
alignments
 Safety in Curve Design
• Realign to Requisite Radius
• Entries, Super-elevation up to Maximum
Permissible
• Extra Width on Curves
• Blind Curves and Hair Pin Bends could be
Widened (Preferably 2 Lanes)
• Provision of Parapets/Railings/Safety Barriers at
Dangerous Locations
• Provision of Adequate Signs (Edge Markings)
 New Initiatives
• Safety Audit on about 50% of completed
Golden Quadrilateral sections
• Low cost counter measures being planed
• Training of Trainers for dissemination
road safety manual
• Introduction of Intelligent Transport
Systems (ITS)
􀂾 Advanced Traffic Management Systems
(ATMS)
􀂾 Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
􀂾 Advanced Traveler Information Systems
(ATIS)