Prepard by ;

1-furqan wahhab
2- wala sajet
3- maysaa ganim
4- saffa jasim
5- zahhraa mohamad
It quantifies the energy transfer between a
fluid at one temperature flowing over a
solid object at a different temperature.

q q
h 
T AT
- q” is the heat flux (J/s m2 = W/m2)
- T is the difference between fluid temperature (in the
freestream) and the solid wall temperature
-A is the surface area of the solid.
-q is the total heat transfer from a surface (Watts).
Given the distribution of surface temperature as a function of
position along a surface, what is the distribution of local heat
flux?
the distribution of local surface heat flux as a function of
position along a surface, what is the distribution of surface
temperature?

Tfluid

Tsolid
The friction and heat transfer coefficient for a flat
plate can be determined by solving the
conservation of mass, momentum, and energy
equations (either approximately or
numerically). They can also be measured
experimentally. It is found that the Nusselt
number can be expressed as:

NU=hl/k
U0 , T0 T (x)
U (x)
T(x,y)
d(x) U(x,y) Tw (x)
dT(x)
xo qw qw qw qw

U(x,0)=0 Tw>Tinf

Rex= U *x/nis the criterion for the Turbulent/Laminar

Rex>105 for the flat plate flow
Red >2300, for the pipe flow
 Fluid Problem: Friction and
Boundary layer

U0
U
u
s  

d(x) U(y)
y y 0

xo
Shear stress
U(x,0)=0

Boundary layer thickness: dy ,U(y)/ U =0.99

1 
Consider the flow of a fluid over a flat plate, the velocity
and the temperature of the fluid
approaching the plate is uniform at U∞ and T∞. The fluid
can be considered as adjacent
layers on top of each others.
.
Assuming no‐slip condition at the wall, the velocity of the
fluid layer at the wall is zero.
The motionless layer slows down the particles of the
neighboring fluid layers as a result of
friction between the two adjacent layers. The
presence of the plate is felt up to some
distance from the plate beyond which the fluid
velocity U∞ remains unchanged. This
region is called velocity boundary layer.
Boundary layer region is the region where the viscous
effects and the velocity changes are
significant and the inviscid region is the region in
which the frictional effects are negligible
and the velocity remains essentially constant.
Similar to velocity boundary layer, a thermal
boundary layer develops when a fluid at
specific temperature flows over a surface which is
at different temperature.
For the plate heated over its entire length ,
For
 Dimensionless heat transfer
coefficient (Stanton #)
h U x n 
Stx   func   , 
c p U   n  

-0.5 -2/ 3
St x  0.453Re x Pr Laminar flow – can be derived

-0.2 -0.4
St x  0.0307Re x Pr Turbulent flow - experimental

h is the property of flow

Pr is the property of fluid
Qconvection Qradiation
Q0

Qconduction

Qo  Qconvection  Qbackside  Qradiation

Measurement of heat transfer
coefficient (II)
T T

Tplate

Rcond

Tblack
 Measurement of heat transfer
coefficient (III)
Qo  Qconvection  Qbackside  Qradiation
Qo = VI
Ts - T
Q convection   hA(Ts - T )
R conv h
Ts - Tback
Qbackside  T
Rplate R
T
d
con R ra

 
v

Q radiation  A T S4 - T surr

4 Tplate

Rcond

Tblack