COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE

SYSTEMS
Sump pump
designed to transport clear,
non-sanitary wastewater
with some turbidity and
suspended solids no larger
than sand grains.

Ejector pump
designed to transport
sanitary waste and larger
solids suspended in the
effluent

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COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Cleanouts
A cleanout provides access to horizontal and
vertical lines to facilitate inspection and provide a
means of removing and be designed to support
whatever traffic is directed over them.

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COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Floor Drains and Floor sinks
High-capacity drains are intended for use primarily in
locations where the flow reaches high rates, such as malls,
wash-down areas, and certain industrial applications.

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COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Grates or
Strainers

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COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Sediment bucket
A sediment bucket is
an additional internal
strainer designed to
collect debris that
gets by the regular
strainer.

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COMPONENTS OF SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Backwater valve - A backwater valve can be installed on a
building sewer/house drain when the drain is lower than the
sewer line, when unusual sewer discharges may occur due to
combined storm water and sanitary sewer systems, or when
old municipal sewers incur high rates of infiltration.

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Oil interceptors
designed to separate
and collect oils and
other light-density,
volatile liquids, which
would otherwise be
discharged into the
drainage system.

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Grease Interceptor
A device designed and installed so as to separate and retain
deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable matter from normal wastes
while permitting normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the
drainage system by gravity.

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COMMON GASES PRODUCED IN A
SEWAGE SYSTEM
• Methane
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Nitrogen
• Carbon monoxide

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VENT SYSTEM

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Vent System
A pipe or pipes installed to provide a flow of air from a drainage system or
to provide a circulation of air within such system to protect trap seals from
siphonage and backpressure.

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Branch Vent a horizontal vent connecting one or
more individual vertical back vent
stack or stack vent.

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Individual A pipe installed to vent a fixture trap and that
connects with the vent system above the fixture
Vent served or terminates in the open air.

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Dual (Common) Installed to vent 2 fixture drains
installed at the same level in a
Vent vertical stack

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Continuous Vent a vertical vent that is a continuation of the
drain to which it connects

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Circuit Vent (Loop Vent)
A branch vent that serves two or more traps and extends from
the downstream side of the highest fixture connection of a
horizontal branch to the vent stack.

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 CIRCUIT AND LOOP VENTING
A circuit vent is a branch vent that
serves two or more floor outlet
fixtures, except blowout water
closets, and extends from in front
of the last fixture connection on
the horizontal drain to the vent
stack.

A “loop vent” is the same, except

that it is employed on the topmost
floor serving fixtures and is
connected to the vent extension of
the drainage stack instead of to the
vent stack.

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 a vent pipe that is used in conjunction with a circuit vent
Relief Vent to provide additional air circulation between a drainage
system and a venting system

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Yoke Vent
a vent pipe that is connected at its lower end to a soil or waste
stack and its upper end to a vent stack or a branch vent that is
connected to a vent stack.
required in buildings 12 storeys and higher; and installed
every 5th storey

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 WET VENT

is a vent that vents a particular fixture and at the same

time serves as a waste to receive the discharge from
other fixtures. The objective of using wet vents is to
minimize the vent piping required by employing one
pipe to serve two functions.

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 TRAPS
A device that keeps a small amount of liquid every
time a fixture is used

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COMMON P-TRAP
• Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry tubs, &
urinals
• Materials commonly used for the P-trap: nickel,
chrome plated brass, Galvanized malleable copper,
& PVC.

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DEEP SEAL P-TRAP
• Water seal is about twice the size of the common
P-trap
• Used for extreme conditions because resealing
quality is greater

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STAND TRAP
• Used for fixtures such
as slop sinks that are
usually built low in the
ground, leaving very
little space for a
foundation & a trap
• Serves as a water seal &
structural support for
the fixture

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RUNNING TRAP
• Used within the line of
the house drain.

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SIZE OF TRAPS
• The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.
• Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less
than 51 mm and not more than 100 mm (except where a
deeper seal is found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.

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PROHIBITED TRAPS
• No fixtures shall be double-trapped

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S-TRAP - prohibited
• Predecessor of P-traps
• Used before traps had
to connect to a
ventilation line

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BELL TRAP - prohibited
• are designed for use in
garage, patio or other
outdoor areas

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DRUM TRAP
• Has a large diameter
(around 0.16 m)
• Used for fixtures that
discharge large amount
of water (bathtubs,
shower or floor drains)

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CROWN-VENTED TRAP
• An air admittance valve
attached to a drainpipe,
protected by a check
valve, designed to
equalize pressure in the
drain line and to protect
the trap seal

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REASONS FOR BROKEN
PLUMBING TRAP SEALS
• Trap siphonage
• Low negative pressure within the fixture drain
• Back pressure
• Caused when a large amount of waste flows into the
drainage system compressing the air in front of it.
• Wind effect
• Pressure or suction caused by strong winds can cause
the water to rise and fall into the trap
• Evaporation
• Capillary action

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 PIPES
• hollow cylinder used to conduct or transfer fluids
(liquids and gases) from one place to other place.
• For pipe, internal diameter (ID) roughly
corresponds to the nominal pipe size for standard
wall thickness.
• For tube, the outer diameter (OD) closely
corresponds to the tube size.

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PIPING MATERIALS

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PLASTIC
These materials are strong, durable, light-weight and flexible, these
piping systems require significantly less energy to fabricate, transport
and install than metal or concrete alternatives.

• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) – CPVC, UPVC

• FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic)
• GRP (Glass/fiber Reinforce Plastic)
• RTRP (Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe)
• PE (Polyethylene) – HDPE, PEX, PERT
• ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
• PPR (Polypropylene)
• PB (Polybutylene)
• PVDF (Polyvinylidene Fluoride)
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METAL
It has high resistance to direct heat, this
property adds to the high demand of
metal to make pipes and fittings

• Carbon steel
• Stainless Steel
• Galvanized Iron
• Black Iron
• Wrought Iron
• Cast Iron
• Lead
• Copper
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EARTH / CONCRETE
• Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP)

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EARTH / CONCRETE
• Vitrified Clay Pipes (VCP). VCP pipe is made from
vitrified blend of clay and shale and is commonly
used in gravity sewer collection.

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EARTH / CONCRETE
• Bituminous Fiber Pipe (BFP). It is a pipe made from
bituminized pressed wood pulp fiber.

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ASBESTOS PIPE - prohibited

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WOOD PIPE

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PIPE FITTINGS

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PIPE FITTINGS
• Pipe fittings are attachments placed on pipe end,
which provide flexibility in piping system.
• These are commonly used for changing the
direction of flow, distribution, increase or decrease
the flow capacity and interconnection.

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COMMONLY USED PIPE FITTINGS
• Elbow / ell – used to change the direction of a pipeline
• offset - Carries soil or waste line past an obstruction in
a building.
• tee – most common pipe fitting; used when a pipe run
branches at a 90-degree angle
• wye – a fitting with three opening; waste-fitting tee in
which the side inlet pipe enters at a 45-degree angle
• cross – joins two different pipelines in the same plane,
making them perpendicular to each other
• reducer – allows for a change in pipe size to meet
hydraulic flow requirements of the system or adapt to
existing piping of a different size

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COMMONLY USED PIPE FITTINGS
• caps and plugs – used to seal off openings in other
fittings or pipe ends.
• nipple – used to make an extension from a fitting or to
join two fittings
• union – used to join the ends of two pipes that can be
turned or disconnected
• coupling – used to connect two lengths of a pipe
• cleanout - Removable, threaded plug placed in drainage
lines for cleaning or removing stoppages.
• bushing – used to reduce a fitting outlet or to connect a
pipe to a larger outlet

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FLANGE
• Pipe flange is a disc,
collar or ring that
attaches to pipe. It can
also be defined as a ring
that is usually provided
with holes for bolts, and
screwed or welded over
the end of a tube or pipe
to permit other objects
to be attached to it.

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PIPE DIAMETERS
• NPS – Nominal Pipe Size
• NB – Nominal Bore
• DN – Nominal Diameter
• OD – Outer Diameter
• ID – Internal Diameter
• SCH – Schedule – sets the wall thickness

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PLUMBING ASSEMBLY: MATERIALS
• Oakum
• Lead
• Solder
• Solvent Cement
• Gaskets
• Insulator

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PIPE ENGAGEMENT
• Pipe engagement is the distance the pipe goes into
a fitting. This distance is determined by the nominal
size diameter of a pipe.

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PIPE CONNECTIONS
• Threading and Compression – Steel and Copper
• Solder – Copper
• Solvent Cement – Plastic
• Oakum and Lead – Cast Iron

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PIPE GENDER

MALE FEMALE
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PIPE DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
• FF – Face to face
• CC – Center to center
• EE – End to end
• Offset
• OC – On center
• BOT – From bottom of
• TOP – From top of

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PIPE SUPPORTS
• Pipe supports are piping components designed to
support or elevate pipe from a base structure for
vertical and horizontal arrangement.
• Pipe guides and slides are designed to allow
longitudinal movement due to thermal expansion
and contraction of pipe

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 PLUMBING
APPURTENANCE

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 PLUMBING
APPURTENANCE
A manufactured device or assembly of prefabricated
components which act as an adjunct to the basic piping system
and plumbing fixtures; usually performs a useful function such
as operating, maintaining, or servicing the plumbing system;
does not add either to the water demand or to the discharge
load of fixtures or of the drainage system

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Plumbing Fixtures
any receptacle or devices which are supplied with water or which
receives or discharges liquid and liquid-borne waste

• Water closet
• Lavatory
• Sink (kitchen, slop)
• Shower head & valve
• Urinal
• Hose Bibb, faucet, cock
• Bidet

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WATER STORAGE
• Used for storing water from rainwater harvesting
systems
• Can be used to store municipal and water from other
sources for household use
• Underground tanks can be used as water reservoirs for
irrigation systems
• Emergency supplies of water can be safely stored for
long periods underground
• Underground tanks can also store water for fire fighting
purposes
• Water for livestock can be stored underground

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CISTERN
• waterproof receptacle for holding
liquids, usually water.
• Cisterns are often built to catch
and store rainwater.
• Cisterns are commonly used in
areas where water is scarce, either
because it is rare or because it has
been depleted due to heavy use.

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STORAGE TANKS
are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases or
mediums used for storage.
• Underground
• Ground Level
• Elevated

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TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS:
MATERIAL
• Steel/coated Steel
• Fiberglass- reinforced plastic (FRP)
• Concrete

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OTHER TERMS

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Battery of Fixtures
Any group of two or more similar & adjacent fixtures which discharge
into a common horizontal waste pipe or soil branch

15” 21” 30”

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Half Bathroom
a room equipped with only 1 WC and lav

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Cross Connection
Any connection or arrangement between two otherwise separate
piping systems, one of which contains potable water and the
other either water of questionable safety, steam, gas, or chemical
whereby there may be a flow from one system to the other, the
direction of flow depending on the pressure differential between
the two systems.

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• Bathroom a room equipped with a shower stall or bathtub.

• Bathroom Group a group of fixtures consisting of

1 WC, 1 or 2 Lavatory, Bathtub
Bath/shower, Shower , Urinal or Bidet
Emergency floor drain

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• Pipe Chase a vertical shaft for installation of different pipe
stacks.

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Caulking plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are
pounded into the annular space.

Caulking at fire pro system

caulking at lead pipe
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Conductor
 A conductor is the water
conductor from the roof of the
building storm drain,
combined building sewer, or other
means of disposal and located
inside of the building.

 A vertical pipe to convey

rainwater

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Branch

Waste
Branch Vent
Supply Branch
Riser Stack

Any part of the piping system other than a riser, main or stack.

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Branch Interval
A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story
height, but in no case less than 2.43meters within which the horizontal
branches from one floor or story of a building are connected to the
stack.

Branch
Interval

A length of soil stack or waste stack, usually one story high, within which all branches from
one floor are connected

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Horizontal Pipe

A pipe or fitting that is installed in a horizontal position or which makes an

angle of less than 45° with the horizontal

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Horizontal Branch Drain

A drain pipe extending laterally from a soil or waste stack or building drain, with
or without vertical sections or branches, which receives the discharge from one
or more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the
building drain.

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Air Gap ( Drainage System)
The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the outlet
of water pipe and the flood level rim of the receptacle into which it is discharging.

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Air Gap
for Water Distribution System
The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening
from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a plumbing fixture or other device and the flood level
rim of the receptacle.

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Air Break (Drainage System)
A piping arrangement in which a drain from a fixture, appliance, or device discharge
indirectly into a fixture, receptacle, or interceptor at a point below the flood level rim of
the receptacle so installed as to prevent backflow or siphonage.

Gap distance of air break is at least 25mm or the size of the pipe

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Fixture Branch A water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe
and the water distributing pipe

Fixture Supply A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the
fixture branch
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Fixture Drain the drain from the trap of a fixture to the
junction of that drain with any other drain pipe

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Indirect Waste Pipe A pipe that does not connect directly to the
drainage system but conveys/discharges liquid
wastes into a plumbing fixture, interceptor, or
Receptacle that is directly connected to the
drainage system

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Backflow
The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures or substances into the
distribution pipelines of a potable supply of water from any source or
sources other than its intended source.

Caused by:
1. Back pressure
2. Back siphonage

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 Related Terms to Backflow
• Backflow Connection - condition or
any arrangement whereby reverse
flow can occur.

• Back Pressure Backflow occurs due

to an increased reverse pressure
above the supply pressure.

• Backflow Preventer - a device or

means to prevent flow of liquid from
returning to source of supply

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• Back-Siphonage the flowing back of used,
contaminated or polluted water from plumbing
fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due
to negative pressure in such pipe.

• Back Water Valve a device installed in a

drainage system to prevent reverse flow

• Back-Vent Pipe a part of the vent line,

which connects directly with an individual
trap underneath or behind the fixture and extends
to the branch or main vent pipe at any point higher
than fixture or fixture traps it serves. This is
sometimes called individual vent.

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