First Semester, School Year 2013 - 2014

Lecture 3

References
• Chemistry for Engineering Students 2nd
Edition by Brown and Holme
• Chemistry, the Central Science 11th
Edition by Brown, LeMay, et. al.
Quantum Mechanics / Quantum Physics

• The new physics

• Deals with the physical phenomena
at a microscopic scale
• Provides a mathematical
description of much of the dual
particle-like and wave-like behavior
and interactions of energy and
matter
• Will use to describe the
arrangements of electrons in atoms
The Wave Nature of Light
 Electromagnetic Radiation (Radiant
Energy)
A form of energy that has wave
characteristics and that propagates
through a vacuum at the
characteristic speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s.

The Speed of Light:

WAVELENGTH – the distance
between two adjacent peaks or
troughs
AMPLITUDE – size or height of the
wave
FREQUENCY – the number of
complete wavelengths, or cycles,
that pass a given point each
second
The inverse relationship between the
frequency and wavelength of
electromagnetic relation

c = λν
Where:
c = speed of light
λ (lambda) = wavelength
ν (nu) = frequency
Sample Exercises

1. When trace amounts of xenon gas are

added to neon lights, the color
becomes blue-green. If the
wavelength of this light is 480 nm, what
is the frequency?
Common Wavelength Units for
Electromagnetic Radiation

Radiation
Unit Length (m)
Type
Å 10-10 X-ray
Ultraviolet,
nm 10-9
visible
μm 10-6 Infrared
mm 10-3 Microwave
cm 10-2 Microwave
m 1 TV, radio
 Quantization of Energy
• Assumed that energy Max Planck
can be either released
or absorbed by atoms German Physicist
only in discrete
“chunks” of some
• minimum
Gave the size
name
quantum (meaning
“fixed amount”) to the
smallest quantity of
energy that can be
emitted or absorbed
as electromagnetic
 Quantization of Energy
The energy of a single quantum equals a
constant times the frequency of the radiation

E = hν
Where:
E = energy
h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 x 10-34
Joule-s
Sample Exercises

1. The laser in a standard laser printer

emits light with a wavelength of 780.0
nm. What is the energy of a photon of
this light?
The Photoelectric Effect and Photons

Photoelectric Effect – the emission of

electrons from a metal surface induced by
light
To explain the photoelectric effect,
Einstein assumed that the radiant
energy striking the metal surface
does not behave like a wave but
rather as it were a stream of tiny
energy packets. Each energy
packet, called a photon, behaves
Won the Nobel Prize in
Physics in 1921 for his
explanation on the
 “Atomos” Negative Positive Electrons Electrons
are the electrons charge is are in occupy
building are located circular regions of
blocks of embedded within a orbits with space
matter. in a sea of central quantized whose
positive nucleus. energy shape is
charge. level. described
by
complex
mathemati
cal
equations.

Early Greek J.J. Ernest Niels Bohr Quantum

philosopher Thomson Rutherford 1913 Mechanics
s 1898 - 1903 1911 Modern
400 BC Model
The Bohr Model
The Bohr Model
1. Only orbits of certain
radii, corresponding to
certain definite energies,
are permitted for the
electron in a hydrogen
atom. NIELS BOHR
2. An electron in a permitted orbit has a
specific energy and is in an “allowed”
energy state. An electron in an allowed
energy state will not radiate energy and
therefore will not spiral into the nucleus.
The Bohr Model
3. Energy is emitted
or absorbed by
the electron only
as the electron
changes from
one allowed
energy state to
another. This
energy is emitted
or absorbed as
photon, E = hv.
 • De Broglie, a French
The physicist suggested that as
the electron moves about
Wave the nucleus, it is associated
Behavior with a particular
wavelength.
of Matter • He proposed that the
characteristic wavelength
of the electron, or of any
other particle, depends
on its mass (m) and on its
velocity (v).

Louis De λ = h/mv
The Uncertainty Principle
 The Uncertainty Principle
A principle stating there
is an inherent uncertainty
in the precision with
which we can
simultaneously specify
the position and
momentum of a particle.
This uncertainty is
significant only for
Werner particles of extremely
Heisenberg small mass, such as
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT
What is the principal reason
that the uncertainty principle
should be considered when
discussing electrons and other
subatomic particles, but is not
necessary when discussing our
macroscopic world?
 Short Quiz (10 mins / 20 points)
1. How did Einstein explain the photoelectric
effect?
1. In your own words, explain the meaning of
uncertainty principle. In what areas of study is
it applicable?
2. Relate the wave-nature and particle-nature of
light with that of matter.
3. An x-ray emits a wavelength of 420 angstrom.
What is the energy of one photon of this
radiation?
Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals
 Orbitals
An allowed energy
state of an electron
in the quantum
mechanical model of
the atom
The term orbital is also used to describe the
spatial distribution of the electron.
An orbital is defined by the values of four
quantum numbers.
Quantum What is an
electron?

Numbers
Where is the
electron?
How does it
Describe the orbital behave?
occupied by an
electron
Distance from the
nucleus
Shape of the orbital

Position
Spin
Quantum Numbers
1
Principal Quantum Number
(n)
Describes the main energy level of the
electron; describes how far it is from the
nucleus
As n increases, the orbital becomes
larger, and the electron spends more time
farther from the nucleus.
Can have positive integral values of 1, 2,
3, ....
Quantum Numbers
2 Angular Momentum Quantum
Number (l )

Describes the shape or type of orbital

Can have positive integral values from 0
to (n - 1)
Values of l 0 1 2 3

Letter used s p d f
Representations of Orbitals

The s Orbitals
Spherically
symmetric – the
electron density at
a given distance
from the nucleus is
the same
regardless of the
direction in which
we proceed from
Representations of Orbitals

The p Orbitals
Not spherically
symmetric
(dumbbell-shaped)

Concentrated in two
regions on either
side of the nucleus,
separated by a
node at the nucleus
Representations of Orbitals

The d Orbitals
Representations of Orbitals

The f Orbitals
Quantum Numbers
3
Magnetic Quantum
Number (ml)
Describes the electron’s position in the
orbital
Can have integral values between -l and
l, including zero

Orbitals s p d f

Possible positions 1 3 5 7
Quantum Numbers
Spin Magnetic Quantum
4
Number(ms)
Describes the electron’s spin
+ ½ counter-clockwise
- ½ clockwise
 Electron
Spin
George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit
postulated that electrons have an intrinsic
property called electron spin, that causes
electron to behave as if it were a tiny
sphere spinning on its own axis.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in an atom can
have the same set of four
quantum numbers.
An orbital can
hold a
maximum of
two electrons
and they must
have Wolfgang Pauli
opposite Austrian
 Main Energy Levels
Electrons shells - the collection of orbitals
with the same value of n
Maximum number of electrons in any one
energy level is 2n2
Maximum
Main Energy
2n2 number of
Level
electrons
1 2(1)2 2
2 2(2)2 8
3 2(3)2 18
4 2(4)2 32
 Sub Energy Levels
Electron subshell – the set of orbitals that
have the same n and l values
The number of sub energy levels in any
main energy level is equal to the value of
n.
Main Energy
Orbital Shape l
Level
1 s 0
2 s, p 0, 1
3 s, p, d 0, 1, 2
4 s, p, d, f 0, 1, 2, 3
 Positions

Sub-levels /
s p d f
Orbitals

Possible positions 1 3 5 7

The maximum number of electrons in any

orbital (position) is two (2).
 Positions

Sub s p
level

Positio
(m
nl )
0 -1 0 1
Total e- 2 6
e- e-
 Positions

Sub d
level

Positio
(m
nl )
-2 -1 0 1 2
Total e- 10 e -
 Positions

How about for f sub level?

Sample Exercises

1. 6.38 / page 249 Textbook

2. 6.41 / page 249 Textbook

3. Give the numerical values n and l
corresponding to each of the following
orbital designations (a) 3p, (b) 2s, (c),
4f, (d) 5d.
4. Which of the following represent
impossible combinations of n and l: (a)
1p, (b) 4s, (c) 5f, (d) 2d?
 A way in which the electrons are
distributed among the various orbitals
of an atom

Aufbau Principle
The orbitals are filled in order of
increasing energy, with no more
than two electrons per orbital.
GROUND STATE
The lowest energy, or most stable
state
EXCITED STATE
A higher energy state than the
ground state
Hund’s Rule
States that electrons occupy
degenerate orbitals (same energy) in
such a way as to maximize the number
of electrons with the same spin
Each orbital has one electron placed in
it before pairing of electrons in orbitals
occurs.
Sample Exercises

1. Draw the orbital diagram for the

electron configuration of oxygen,
atomic number 8. How many unpaired
electrons does an oxygen atom
possess?
2. Write the electron configuration for
phosphorous, element 15. How many
unpaired electrons does a phosphorus
atom possess?
Condensed Electron
Configurations
Helps focus attention on the outermost
electrons of the atom, which are the ones
largely responsible for the chemical
behavior of an element
The electron configuration of the nearest
noble gas element of lower atomic number
is represented by its chemical symbol in
brackets.

Li: [He]2s1
K: [Ar]4s 1
Sample Exercises

1. Use the periodic table to determine the

electron configuration of tungsten (W),
which is used in the filaments of most
incandescent lights.

2. Mercury is used in fluorescent lamps as

well as in mercury vapor lamps.
Determine the electron configuration of
mercury.
The Periodic Table and Electron
Configurations
 Periodic Trends in Atomic
Properties
Atomic Size

It is the average distance between the

nucleus and the valence electrons.
Across a
PERIOD
Down a INCREASE
GROUP Atomic
DECREASE
Size
Atomic Size
Sample Exercises

1. Using the periodic table , rank the

following elements in order of
increasing size: Cr, Cs, F, Si, and Sr.
 Periodic Trends in Atomic
Properties
“I’ll give-up my
The energy required to remove an e -.”

electron from a gaseous atom in its

ground state. The lower the IE, the easier it
is for an atom to form a cation.
Across a
PERIOD DECREAS
Down a
E
INCREASE GROUP
Ionization
Ionization Energy
Energy
Sample Exercises

1. Using only the periodic table, rank the

following elements in order of
increasing ionization energy: He, Mg,
N, Rb, and Si.
 Periodic Trends in Atomic
Properties
“I’ll accept your
e-.”
It is the change in energy when an
electron is accepted by a gaseous atom
to form an anion.
Across a
PERIOD DECREAS
Down a
E
INCREASE GROUP
Electron
Electron Affinity
Affinity
 Periodic Trends in Atomic
Properties
“I’ll get your e .”
-

It is the measure of the ability of an atom

to attract towards itself a bonding
electron.
Across a
PERIOD DECREAS
Down a
E
INCREASE GROUP
Electro-
Electro- negativity
negativity
Periodic Trends in Atomic
Properties

Across a
PERIOD INCREASE
Down a
Metallic
DECREASE GROUP
Property
Metallic
Property
 Property Increasing Decreasing
Atomic Size
Metallic
Property
Ionization
Energy
Electron
Affinity
Electro-
negativity
Sample Exercises

1. 6.73, page 251, Textbook

2. 6.75, page 251, Textbook
3. Boron, atomic number 5, occurs
naturally as two isotopes, 10B and 11B,
with natural abundances of 19.9% and
80.1% respectively. (a) In what ways do
the two isotopes differ from each
other? Does the electronic
configuration of 10B differ from that of
11B?
Sample Exercises
3. Boron, atomic number 5, occurs
naturally as two isotopes, 10B and 11B,
with natural abundances of 19.9% and
80.1% respectively. (a) In what ways do
the two isotopes differ from each
other? Does the electronic
configuration of 10B differ from that of
11B?

(b) Draw the orbital diagram for an

atom of 11B. Which electrons are the
valence electrons?
(c) Indicate three major ways in which
Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
Read Chapter 7 of your textbook
Chemical Bonding & Molecular Structure
page 254

GROUP WORK / ACTIVITY RELATED TO NEXT

 Midterm Quiz No. 1

INDIVIDUAL GRADE
Individual score x 70%

GROUP GRADE
Average scores of group members x
30%
Group R125 R126 R127
1 Arnold Joel Jim Paul
2 Nathaniel Jenina Edrein
3 Jibbs Jeff Christeph
4 Owen Jean Dilek
5 Joseph Nelson Dimacali
6 Francis Aaron Ayezza
7 Myka Ely Mariel
Rose
 PART I
1. Which of the following is not a possible
value for the principal quantum
number (n)?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4

2. Using the periodic table, arrange the

following element in increasing atomic
 PART II
3. Which of the following is not a possible
orbital?
a. 8s
b. 5f
c. 4p
d. 3f
e. 3d

4. Using the periodic table, arrange the

following elements in decreasing
electronegativity: Zn, Cl, Mg, Cs, Ra.
 PART III
5. What element has an electronic
configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
3d10 4p4?
a. As
b. Br
c. Kr
d. Se
e. Ge

6. It is the change in energy when a

gaseous atom accepts an electron to
 PART IV
7. For l = 2, what are the possible values of
ml?
a. -2
b. -1
c. 1
d. 2
e. All of the above including zero.

8. What is the maximum number of

electrons for n = 7?
 PART IV
7. For l = 2, what are the possible values of
ml?
a. -2
b. -1
c. 1
d. 2
e. All of the above including zero.

8. What is the maximum number of

electrons for n = 7?
 PART V
9. Write the complete and the condensed
electron configuration of potassium.
Write also its orbital diagram.

9. The lanthanide and actinide series has

main energy level of ___ and ___
respectively.